Essay on The Psychology of Homosexuality - 2163 Words

For many years, psychologists described homosexuality as a disorder or a treatable complex. Recently, homosexuality was removed from the DSM and is no longer considered a disorder. The gay population is no longer treated as sick but accepted as a diverse set of individuals. The many distinguishing attributes and characteristics of a gay or lesbian individual are considered to be personality attributes. Many psychologists have analyzed homosexual individuals throughout the history of psychology and attempted to explain their behavior. Freud considered a homosexual individual to have suffered from the Oedipus complex during childhood without proper identification with the opposite sex parent. Lesbians tend to have a negative attitude†¦show more content†¦The lesbian desires her mother and to become a male herself, she disowns her vagina and wishes for a penis (Podder De, 2011). The child hides the incestuous desire by manifesting it in another same sex individual. Without proper resolution of this stage, the child would begin to identify with the parent of the opposite sex and not of the same sex. â€Å"The unconscious dynamics of the gender role in male homosexuals was found to be feminine with an aspiration to be masculine at times, while female homosexuals were found to be more masculine† (Podder De, 2011). Some believe that a child can be distinguished as a homo sexual early on in development by the behaviors exhibited by the child. Children, who exhibit deviant behavior of gender roles, for example girly boys or tomboys, are at a higher risk of becoming a homosexual later in life (Podder De, 2011). Personality development is critical in childhood. The gay personality may be determined during a child’s early years of development or throughout the individual’s life. A lesbian or gay individual like heterosexual individuals are influenced by family, peers, and society. Family structure, social factors, and cognition and conditioning help the development of sexual identity (Kwiatkowski, 2010). The child while living with the parents, adopt many of the customs and values the parents emphasize. The parents may stress the importance of gender roles in the household which the child may learn toShow MoreRelatedFilipino Psychology: on Spirituality, Homosexuality, Psychopathology2302 Words   |  10 Pageshis life. Moreover, spirituality is inherent within us, and to ignore this spirituality would mean one would also disregard the inherent energy that he possesses. ******************************************************************* On Filipino Homosexuality Pagkababae and Pagkalalaki The differences between men and women are attributed by what society dictates them to be. Here in the Philippines, society, especially the family, plays a vital role in the lives of the people. As what was discussedRead MorePsychology : Humanistic And Psychodynamic Approach On The Dsm, And Going A Bit Into Homosexuality1111 Words   |  5 Pagesareas of approaches such as humanistic and psychodynamic along with reading the DSM, and going a bit into homosexuality. In my findings I put together a bit of information regarding the question, to the best of my knowledge. I mention why I prefer the humanistic approach. Also I was able to local a copy of the DSM and describe about the disorder I found interesting. Last, I talked about homosexuality since there a lot of controversy regarding this topic, I stayed with what I felt was important to answerRead MoreIs Homosexuality A Mental Disorder?1500 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality has been one of the most controversial subjects around t he world for thousands of years. Being a homosexual has been seen as taboo, morally wrong, and just abnormal. Scientists have questioned the mental health status of those who proclaim themselves as being homosexual, and have even gone as far to say that homosexuality is a mental disorder. Until 1974, being homosexual was deemed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as a mental illness, and classifiedRead MoreHomosexuality : Nature And Nature871 Words   |  4 PagesHomosexuality: Nature or nurture By: Clifnie francois Advance Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara June 4 2015 Abstract The nature and nature of homosexuality is heavily debated. Some people believe that homosexuality is biologically determined and others believe it’s base on ones environment. This topic can be argue to be base on both nature and nurture. Studies conducted in the past decades support both the biological and environmentalRead MoreThe Psychology Of Sexual Orientations934 Words   |  4 PagesThe Psychology of Sexual Orientations Throughout the history of humans, people have been having sex. It’s obviously necessary for the continuation of humans as a species. But it definitely hasn’t been for just reproductive purposes. People have been engaging in same-gender sex for probably as long as humans have been around. However, the terms we think of today when we think of different sexual orientations didn’t get coined until the 19th and 20th centuries. And with these terms came huge stigmaRead MoreHomosexuality From A Biological Perspective1118 Words   |  5 Pages Homosexuality from a Biological Perspective Justice X. Johnson Angelo State University Abstract Homosexuality has been around for centuries, maybe even since the beginning of human existence. Many individuals question why some people are gay and why others are not. Those that question humanity ask what exactly makes a person become attracted to the same sex and whether or not it is nature or nurture. There are three points to argue that homosexuality is natural and not byRead MoreWhy There Is Conflict Over The Dsm 51432 Words   |  6 Pagessince it has been used. It was first published in 1952 there have been five revisions, gradually including more mental health disorders some has been removed and are no longer considered to be mental health disorders, and the most notably being homosexuality. (DSM-11) There are many reasons why there are conflicts concerning the DSM. The reliability and validity of the DSM has caused concerns. In the DSM, diagnoses are based on the signs and symptoms rather than the cause of mental health problemsRead MoreThe Sexual Identity Of Homosexua l People1678 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween two humans. As humans, we must come to the realization that we are all equal, and that you are born gay; furthermore, you don’t have a choice. In the past few hundred years homosexuality has been seen as not being a matter of choice. In the 1960’s the term homophobia arose as a term that meant a fear of homosexuality. During this decade, new forms of love and thinking came into play, which also encouraged homosexual people to freely love as well. But when the summer of love ended, articles beganRead MoreWhy Are People Gay?967 Words   |  4 Pages Not just a century ago, there was an act that was considered heresy; homosexuality, a different side of sexuality found in all recesses of history. Humans are not the only ones with evidence of homosexuality in their species, it has long been debated whether it was formed from being genetically born that way or nurtured. The long found history has been only puzzling as the two sides of the spectrum in views, and only being publicly accepted in the 1940s. In Natasha Tracy’s article â€Å"Why AreRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture?1275 Words   |  6 Pages Homosexuality is one of the most hot button issues in America today. Everyone has an opinion, some based on religious views others based on other external factors. People are afraid to talk about it because it’s something we don’t actually fully comprehend. This is because it scares people to admit they don’t know something. We need to find out if being a homosexual is something we ar e born with, or is it something we learn over time. Review of the Research There have been many research studies

Story of an Hour Literary Analysis - 1990 Words

Bettina Golden ENG125 – Introduction to Literature Professor Joan Golding 10-16-2011 â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† by James Thurber both captured my interest from the very beginning. These short stories represent gender roles and marriage. They both are about married couples with controlling mates. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is about a young married woman and how she reacts to the news of her husband dying in a train accident. The story takes place in the home of the young woman, Mrs. Mallard. Several things took place within an hour but â€Å"the joy that kills† (Clugston, 2010) made me more interest to find out what was happening to Mrs. Mallard. Mrs. Mallard died of â€Å"joy that kills†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦In paragraph 16, we learn Mrs. Mallard’s first name, Louise. According to Cummings, the author suggested that the young woman lacked individuality and identity until her husband’s reported death liberated her (Cummings, 2010). She regaine d her own identity while she was alone in her room. There is irony in Mrs. Mallard’s first name, Louise; Louise is the feminine form of the masculine Louis. So even when Mrs. Mallard takes back her identity, it is in part a male identity (as cited in Cummings, 2010). The crisis and climax of the story was the moment Mrs. Mallard husband walked in and she died. â€Å"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease – of joy that kills† (Clugston, 2010). Her joy was from thinking her husband was dead and that she was going to be free. â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† is a short story about the dreams of a henpecked husband, Walter Mitty. The story takes place in the late 1930s in a car traveling to Waterbury, Connecticut, and in the city itself in the area of Main Street (Cummings, 2010). Walter is an ordinary person who daydreams about playing the hero, saving lives, navigating enemy territory, and proving his masculinity. The me ntal fantasies and daydreams are his way of escaping from his controlling wife. Mann suggests that Mitty seeks freedom through his daydreams. That is, in his daydreams Mitty seeks not just freedom â€Å"from the petty details of living† (Mann, 1982), but freedom from death. In Mitty’s firstShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of An Hour Literary Analysis1294 Words   |  6 PagesMrs Mallard, a kind, older lady, had a severe heart disease. The element of surprise, if not executed right, could kill her. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin the element of time and surprise create an element that other authors struggle to do. In this paper, I will discuss the tone of the way the family broke the news of Mr. Mallard s death to Mrs. Mallard. Whether the news was bad or good, how it was broken to Mrs. Mallard could have killed her. In the end it did The emotions in the houseRead MoreStory Of An Hour Literary Analysis934 Words   |  4 PagesMarriage Doesn’t Always Mean Love in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† The Story of an Hour, by Kate Chopin is the tragic story of a woman whose newfound position as a widow gives her strength. She develops a sense of freedom as she embraces her husbands death as an opportunity to establish her own identity. The tragedy is when her newfound identity gets stripped away as the appearance of her husband reveals that he is still alive. The disappointment from this tragedy kills her with a heart attack symbolizingRead MoreStory Of An Hour Literary Analysis824 Words   |  4 Pagesis heartbreaking and rather unimaginable. â€Å"Sorry to say but your husband has died due to an accident.† No one wants to hear those words or go through the painful time. In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin’s, the death of her husband meant freedom and happiness. Chopin’s uses a great deal of symbolism throughout the story in order to depict the theme of freedom and happiness. Mrs. Mallard is the main character whom of which also known as Louise and she is married to Brently Mallard. Mrs. MallardsRead MoreStory Of An Hour Literary Analysis844 Words   |  4 Pages The Contract â€Å"The Story of an Hour† depicts the telling of a spouse’s death, and how the wife reacted to the information. Marriage to most in the 21st century is how one shows the greatest extent of their love. However, to myself marriage is nothing but a piece of paper people sign, that gives another a right to half their earnings. Marriage does not quantify love. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† shows that although the main character was married, it was not what equated her love or happiness. MarriageRead More Literary Analysis: the Story of an Hour Essays645 Words   |  3 PagesWhen first reading Kate Chopins Story of an Hour, one may not typically be surprised at its ending, write it off as one of those creepy back from the dead horror stories and forget about it. There is more to this story than simply horror. The author is making a very strong, however subtle, statement towards humanity and womens rights. Through subtle symbolism, Kate Chopin shows how marriage is mo re like a confining role of servitude rather than a loving partnership. Mr. Mallard is assumedRead MoreLiterary Analysis- the Story of an Hour Essay1832 Words   |  8 PagesRide of Her Life In â€Å"The Story of an Hour† (1894), Kate Chopin presents a woman in the last hour of her life and the emotional and psychological changes that occur upon hearing of her husbands’ death. Chopin sends the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard, on a roller coaster of emotional up’s and down’s, and self-actualizing psychological hairpin turns, which is all set in motion by the news of her husband’s death. This extreme â€Å"joy ride† comes to an abrupt and ultimately final halt for Mrs. Mallard whenRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin856 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1302 11 November 2017 Literary Analysis of â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin The Story of an Hour is a short story written by Kate Chopin which was published in 1894 as â€Å"The Dream of an Hour† in Vogue. When the word marriage hits our mind, we think it as a lasting relationship. Marriage is a commitment between two individuals bonded by holy ceremony. The story of an hour presents the side of marriage which is usually unheard. The main character of the story is Mrs. Louise Mallard. SheRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin Literary Analysis1432 Words   |  6 PagesMaking a literary analysis involves writing an argumentative analysis about a particular literature. The analyst is supposed to carefully read the literature and better understand the contents so as to come up with legal analysis. It requires some summary, but it is not a report about the book or the story. It is important in making the reader to understand the message in the book as well as the improvements necessary the literature. It is also important in understanding how a p articular author articulatesRead MoreThe Story Of An Hour And A Rose For Emily Literary Analysis1297 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopins The Story of an Hour and William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily tells the story of women who face isolation and struggle with their own terms of freedom upon the death of a male figure in their life. Louise and Emily come from different time periods, backgrounds, and have different experiences, yet both share commonality in that they have let themselves be affected by the unrealistic expectations placed on them as traditional ladies. Both of these characters are commonly misconstruedRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Kate Chopin s The Story Of An Hour 1274 Words   |  6 PagesHaley Morrow Mrs. Crook AP English 25 Sept. 2015 Feminist Literary Theory in The Story of an Hour Women are no stranger to a socially constrained lifestyle and society, especially in the late 1800’s. Women were believed to live a certain way, fulfill certain roles and duties in the household, and to be extremely fragile and weak. This type of culture still exists today but not to the extreme that it once was. Kate Chopin, however, not afraid speak out against the implications of society breaks free

Public Speaking Essay Free Essays

Before this course I was unaware of how significant non-verbal communication was to public speaking. According to Genera, â€Å"93 percent of message reception in public speaking comes from nonverbal communication† (Genera, 2010). Facial expressions and body language are what most people think of when discussing non-verbal communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Speaking Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, eye contact, lighting and gestures are also included. When I have to write a speech or speak in front of a group in the future there are many things that I will do differently. I have learned that are many steps that need to be followed in order to have a successful speech. Analyzing the audience, visual aids as well as peer and expert estimation are Just a few of the topics discussed In this course that I will carry with me In the future. I have always had trouble with the writing process. This course has given me great steps to Incorporate Into my writing process. Whether It Is a public speech, personal conversation, or a research paper for another course, I have great tools in place to help me be successful. Going into this course I felt as though I had no strengths in regards to public speaking. After successfully completing this course my outlook has completely changed. I feel more confident in the writing process and being able to stand up in front of an audience. A few weaknesses that still need improvement are execution off speech as well as my nerves. I would like to be able to one day speak in front of an audience without any note cards. When I would do my weekly recordings I would have a billeted paper of the major topics I wanted to discuss to help trigger my memory. I feel that with more time to practice I wouldn’t require any note cards. My nerves and anxiety levels are a different story. I am a very shy and quiet person and having to speak In front of any size audience gets my anxiety levels rising. I have never spoken in front of a large audience because of these feelings. The first few assignments that we had to record ourselves I felt really uncomfortable. As the weeks went by I started to slowly feel more comfortable. I have learned many new strategies to help me be more prepared so that I won’t be so nervous. The article Effective Public Speaking: How to Overcome Nervousness stated that one way to help reduce the nervous feelings is to get experience. The author suggests volunteering as an announcer for other speakers will help a person get more comfortable in front of an audience which will help reduce the nervous feelings (Plum, 2009). Another tip found to be very helpful on the topic of nerves and Haynes was from Larry Tracey. He stated that the antidote to help overcome fear Is â€Å"Convert unknown to known. Exchanging the unknown Into known can easily be accomplished by doing lots of research and practice (Tracey, 2003). This course had me very anxious in the beginning. After only seven weeks I have absorbed so much Knowledge Tanat my anxiety levels nave reappear considerably. I am stall a little apprehensive but nowhere near as bad as before. I know that will the information that I have learned as well as the tools I have gained I will be successful no matter the situation. I am m ore confident in my writing ability as well as public speaking, thanks to this public speaking course. How to cite Public Speaking Essay, Essays

Inglenook Dairy and the Australian Dairy Industry

Question: Discuss about the Inglenook Dairy and the Australian Dairy Industry. Answer: Introduction The dairy industry is the third largest rural industry in the country after the wheat and beef. It is worth $13 billion with a gross value of $4 billion in farm gate alone. It is responsible for farming, manufacture and exportation of milk and dairy products. The industry houses more than 6,000 dairy farmers who produce approximately 9.7 billion litres of milk each year. Over 40,000 people are employed directly in the farms and factories with an additional 100,000 and more in indirect employment in services related to the industry(Dairy Australia, 2014).As one of the leading rural industries, dairy generates economic value to the regions in which the industries are located through downstream processing and value addition to dairy products. Most of the milk processing is done in the areas close to where milk is processed and thus it generates economic activity and creates employment. The industry is well developed across the temperate and subtropical regions of the country. The major milk producers are located in the south-east states where the manufacturing of long lasting products like cheese and milk powder is concentrated. Other smaller dairy industries are situated across the states within the country, producing high quality consumer products such as fresh milk, yoghurts, and a variety of cheese. These products are supplied to nearby towns and cities, while some is exported. Dairy processing There are two main production areas within the dairy industry(Datamonitor, 2000). First is the milk production in farms where farmers rear animals (cows, goats and sheep) for production milk. Second is the milk processing stage-this stage is responsible for ensuring that milk from production lasts long enough to reach the intended market. The objective is achieved through heat treatment of the milk and preparation of a range of milk products that can be stored for longer periods. In Australia, large-scale milk processors are owned by co-operatives belonging to dairy farmers. The processed milk and dairy products are sold in wholesale to distributors who then sell it to retailers and consumers. Processes involved in a milk plant include: Raw milk is received, filtered and checked for freshness and consistency All or part of the milk fat is separated for production of butter and cream, as well as to standardise milk for the market. Pasteurisation If required, the milk is homogenised and deodorised Packaging and cold storage Distribution Processing of butter involves the following procedure: Cream preparation Water emulsion, and destabilising and breaking down of fats Fat particles are aggregated and concentrated Formation of a stable emulsion Packaging, storage and distribution Cheese production Reception of milk, pre-treatment and standardisation Pasteurisation Addition of starter culture Coagulation Cutting and treatment of curd Extraction of whey Salting Ripening Packaging and distribution Milk powder Milk powder processing undergoes the following basic processes: Preheating of standardised milk Evaporation through spray drying Packaging, storage and distribution Distribution and marketing of milk products and processed milk is done through milk dealers. These are wholesalers, supermarkets and other retail chains. The dealers conduct marketing operations like procurement, transportation and delivery operations.Supermarkets take a major share of the distribution with about 54%. Other distributing firms are as well taking a huge portion of volumes in bottled or packaged milk from the processors. In addition, there are sub dealers and agent distributors. Structure of the intermediate market and their pricing power Milk production: Farms are perfect competition in nature as there is large number of farms, across different regions of Australia. Although the number is not infinitely large, products are similar for all the farms. Therefore, farms are mainly price taker. They have no such power of determining price. Farms only charge the market equilibrium price. Butter production: Monopolistic competition in nature with large number of butter manufacturing companies producing differentiated products. Butter is sold in different categories based on calorie value and tastes. As products are differentiated, producers have power to determine their product price. Cheese production: Cheese production industry is monopolistically competitors due to presence of significantly large number of cheese manufacturers. This market is monopolistically competitive as competition prevails although having distinguishing features of every brand. Mainly five types of cheese such as cheddar, semi hard, hard grating, fresh and mould are produced in Australian market (Dairy Australia, 2014). Companies bring differentiated products in these categories to compete with each other. Pricing power presents with some degree of market power. However, price rise is not possible often due to presence of close substitutes unless brand value is very high. Milk power processing: This industry also can be said monopolistic competitive as number of milk power producer is more than 30 in the Australian market. This industry product is categories into three categories such as whole milk power, skim milk powder and buttermilk powder (Dairy Australia, 2014). Therefore, product differentiation strategies used by the companies in order to possess some extent of market power to charge price greater than their marginal cost of production. Oligopolistic Nature of the Australian Dairy industry Similar to other businesspersons, milk dealers compete among themselves in prices and services, as well as in the quality, packaging and variety of the products they offer. They also compete through advertising and product promotion. Dealers in Australia however are trying to avoid direct price competition(Dairy Australia, 2014). The basic competition in the dairy industry has increased the degree of interdependence among firms. This is mainly in pricing decisions where the firms know that rivals will meet any price changes and that when the market price is reduced, the overall sales revenues will as well reduce for the distributors. Competition within the market is because there is a relatively small number of entities with a sizeable portion of the market. These dealers buy milk from co-operatives at about the same prices. In addition, the products are close substitutes of each other within the same variety, and their consumption is slightly inelastic to changes in price. Implications of the Market Structure Because of the above conditions, the firms in the dairy industry have to be aware of the activities of their rivals when making price decisions. Price reductions have a huge implication in the market and can end up reducing revenue for the entire market. It is only the small dealers who control a small portion of the market who can change their prices. Minor dealers know that the competitors will not challenge these changes in prices. In addition, retaliatory price reductions could be hazardous to the market and all the firms know the danger of this strategy(Karantininis Nilsson, 2007). If the prices are increased in the entire market, total revenues could also increase. However,individual firms are reluctant to increase their prices because of the fear that its rivals could not follow. This could be disastrous to a firm as it can end up losing sakes. Therefore, established dealers who know had better often restrain themselves in price competitions because of the fear that rivals may not cooperate or may even impose retaliatory prices(Karantininis Nilsson, 2007). This tendency of letting the prices be is not only observed in the dairy industry, but also in many other oligopolistic sectors of the Australian economy. Inglenooks Strategy Inglenook plans to verticallyintegrate its processing, distribution and marketing activities. Furthermore, it will differentiate and distribute its products according to the market needs. This step will give the company a competitive advantage over its rival who are non-integrated. The customers of the companys products will most likely choose its products because of lower costs, and better quality products that are tailor made for their needs. Integration of operational activities will ensure that the company will not rely on external suppliers. In this way, the company will face fewer disruptions in its activities and avoid disputes that are related with working with third party companies. Integrated milk processing and distribution means that inglenook will have a better control over its marketbecause it will now go around providers and distributors. The benefit of this is that it will be able to reduce its internal costs and will have better delivery of the differentiated products fit for individual needs of the markets. Shortages of critical elements will also be outdated. In addition, the company will have economies of scale the manufacturing process will be more efficient because of the vertical integration. Vertical integration of operations will however come at a cost to the company. Inglenook will need to invest a lot of capital in setting up processing plants and chains of distribution. More capital will go into research and development of differentiated products. These plants will have to keep running even in the low seasons to ensure efficiency and long run profit margins. This cost can be a threat to the long run profits. Opportunities to long run profits Vertical integration will reduce costs of operation through economies of scale. This will ensure that the company maximises profits in the long run. In addition, there will be fewer interruptions in production and the differentiated products will fetch more both in the local and in the foreign market. Vertical integration and product differentiation will involve many initial costs in setting up plants and distribution mechanisms, as well as in the development of new differentiated products. This may affect the profitability of the firm in future. However, this will be until the plants are efficient. Inglenook will have to conduct extensive market research to acquaint itself with the individual tastes and preferences of the market segments in which it intends to sell the differentiated products. The market research will ensure that it avoids mistakes that could lead to losses in production. Furthermore, the market research can open up other opportunities like price discrimination that will enable inglenook to maximise its profits further. References ABC Rural (2013) Milking the profits whos talking the cream? 10.05.2013 https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-22/milk-wars/4639078 Chandan, R. C., In Kilara, A., In Shah, N. P. (2016).Dairy processing and quality assurance. Dairy Australia. (2003).The Dairy Australian: News for the manufacturing sector from Dairy Australia. Southbank, Vic: Dairy Australia. Dairy Australia (2012) Dairy 2012 Situation and Outlook Summary Report https://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/~/media/Documents/Stats%20and%20markets/S%20and %20O/S%20and%20O%20May%202012/Situation%20%20Outlook%20Summary%20Report% 20FinalLR%20FINAL.pdf Dairy Australia. (2014).Australian dairy industry in focus. Datamonitor (Firm). (2000).Dairy in Australia. New York, NY: Datamonitor. Fulkerson, W. J., Doyle, P., Victoria. (2001).The Australian dairy industry. Melbourne: Dept. of Natural Resources and Environment. Hedlund, G. W., New York (State). (1964).Market structure, competition and regulation in the distribution of fluid milk. Albany?: Committee on Milk Marketing. Joskow, P. L. (January 01, 2010). Vertical integration.Antitrust Bulletin,55,3, 545-586. Karantininis, K., Nilsson, J. (2007).Vertical Markets and Cooperative Hierarchies: The Role of Cooperatives in the Agri-Food Industry. Dordrecht: Springer. Lee, Tim (2012) Milk Wars, ABC Landline, 06.08.2012 https://www.abc.net.au/landline/content/2012/s3561483.htm (Both the television program and the transcript of the program is avalaible) Mazzarol, Tim (2014) The role of co-operative enterprise in Australian agribusiness, The Conversation,19.01.2014 https://theconversation.com/the-role-of-co-operative-enterprise-in-australian-agribusiness-22147 Reisinger, M. (2004).Three essays on oligopoly: Product bundling, two-sided markets and vertical product differentiation.

4 Fast-Growing Temp Jobs to Focus on Now

4 Fast-Growing Temp Jobs to Focus on Now If you’re like most people, salary may be the first thing that comes to mind when evaluating what makes a â€Å"good job.† However, according to recent research, more and more workers - both young and old alike - are now prioritizing a different factor when assessing a job’s potential: job security. In fact, 56 percent of younger workers and 59 percent of older workers preferred security to salary when asked to choose between two jobs. For most people, the concept of a temp job and the concept of job security aren’t necessarily congruent; however, a new breed of temp positions offer unprecedented job security. Formerly the domain of the unemployed and job searchers passing the time until a permanent job can be found, temp jobs are now a valuable tool for companies looking to keep pace with the latest trends and technologies in a dynamic market - and for employees looking to capitalize on new demand. Based on research from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statis tics, Forbes rounded up the list of 2015’s fastest growing temp jobs. Let’s take a look at four of the top picks.1. Home Health Care AideIn addition to helping seniors in need of assistance, home health care aides also help people with disabilities, chronic illnesses, and cognitive impairment. With millions of Baby Boomers hitting retirement every day and most suffering from multiple chronic conditions, it’s no surprise that there is a growing demand for healthcare professionals.Although they work in a variety of settings, ranging from private homes to large-scale communities, home health care aides are typically employed by certified home health and hospice agencies - both of which will be looking for qualified labor to fill vacancies. Between 2014 and 2019, the number of home health care aide temp jobs is predicted to rise by 15 percent.  2. Childcare WorkerAs the bulk of the Millennial generation - the first generation in American history to top the Boome rs in sheer numbers - enters its childbearing years, their offspring will need care. And while many have delayed having kids because of the challenging conditions under which they came of age (resulting in an oft-publicized â€Å"baby bust†), the time is drawing nigh when the delayers will take the leap. It’s no surprise, then, that temp positions for childcare workers are expected to jump by 14 percent over the next five years.3. Registered NurseThe buzz surrounding the imminent nursing shortage is well-founded: with up to three million Baby Boomers entering Medicare each year and the Affordable Care Act having already added eight million to the growing list of the insured, the demands on the healthcare industry will be significant, with registered nurses topping the list.Nurse staffing agencies will race to fill the void through a variety of temp nursing opportunities, including contract, travel and per diem positions. All in all, an average increase of 6,200 jobs - or 14 percent growth - is predicted over the next five years alone.Meanwhile, an alternate healthcare profession expects to experience almost equally meteoric growth: Pharmacy technicians.4. Computer Systems AnalystAs companies struggle to keep up with changing technologies while balancing their business initiatives, computer systems analysts are expected to play a vital role. These hybrid professionals offer a unique blend of information technology knowledge and business acumen, qualifying them not just to offer computer expertise, but to apply it within the context of a company’s overall objectives in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness.In addition to being in demand with a whopping 19 percent increase in anticipated jobs by 2019, computer system analysts are also well-compensated, thanks to a median salary of more than $81,000 in 2013. Temp workers with skills and experience in this field are well-positioned for ongoing success.Software developers and computer user support specialists are also expected to see growth in tech temp jobs over the next half-decade.

Boisterous Badgers Getting To Big For T Essays

Boisterous Badgers Getting To Big For T Essays Boisterous Badgers Getting To Big For T Essays Boisterous Badgers getting to Big for their Boots You lounge lazily at your desk watching the clock hands taunt you as they cluelessly crawl from number to number. All you want is to go home to your inviting, warm, cosy home with a thick juicy steak waiting for your arrival. Once the steak is demolished you can take the weight off your feet by relaxing on your soft sofa with a nice, hot cup of tea. Nevertheless; with tens of thousands of cows dyeing every year due to tuberculosis this may soon not be a reality. Tuberculosis- otherwise known as TB is a bacterial infection being rapidly spread by badgers to cattle and even humans. How can we prevent this you may wonder? The simple solution is Badger culling. Badger culling is a method used in parts of the country to reduce the number of badgers in aid of trying to control the serious spread of the deadly disease tuberculosis. There are many people against the idea of ‘culling badgers’ but the way I see it is that cows give us milk and meat which is produce we can buy, sell, eat and drink while badgers do absolutely nothing for society or the industry; in fact the only thing they appear to be good at is destroying my bleeding garden. Most families drink at least three to four gallons per week, some having there’s delivered to their door while others do the dreaded weekly shop to the stressful supermarket, but at the end of the day the milk all comes from the same place; you’ve got it Sherlock it’s from our cows. The farmer makes his money to support himself and his family by rearing up cattle to either slaughter for meat or use to produce milk. If all it takes is to kill the boring badgers helping us in no way whatsoever why would we sacrifice our cows. Another thing we must think about is if all the cows do die then the fearful farmers will not be making any money consequently he or she will be out of a job, which may lead to them selling their house and moving to the city to come for all of our jobs. Following on from that point; if they do unfortunately lose their home, the council will be coming for all of our money by raising the tax to support them. Is this what you really want for you and your

Mathematical problem-solving study on developing mixed-ability Essay

Mathematical problem-solving study on developing mixed-ability students' interest in learning mathematics - Essay Example My study will be carried out using classroom observation techniques, interviews with teachers and mixed-ability students and questionnaires to both students and teachers, to gather data on learning outcomes in actual/real Maths classrooms in the United Kingdom. Mixed-ability students can be divided into three categories: (i) students with low performance in maths (ii) students who can perform well in maths and (iii) mathematically promising students. The phrase, ‘promising students’ here means ‘gifted or talented students’ who, by virtue of their outstanding abilities, are capable of high performance. These are students who require differentiated educational programs and services beyond those normally provided by the regular school program in order to realize their contribution to self and society.1 According to some researchers, these students will have the potential to become the leaders and problem-solvers of the future. Mathematically promising students have needs that differ in nature from those of other students. According to Tomlinson (1995), these students require some differentiated instruction by consistently using a variety of instructional approaches to modify content, process, and /or products in resp onse to learning readiness and interest of academically diverse students. No matter what categories they fall, loss of interest in learning Mathematic especially on certain topic can lead to poor exam result or performance. During my eight years of teaching Mathematics at SOAS College and currently Sayyidina Hasan Secondary School, where I started teaching from lower secondary and currently upper secondary for almost 5 years, I have encountered different types of students. Their characters reflect their ability and performance in learning Mathematics. Some find mathematics education theoretical and

Illustrating your answer in reference to Chocolat (1988) and secondary Essay

Illustrating your answer in reference to Chocolat (1988) and secondary reading, answer the following question. Give reasons for - Essay Example The substance of this prose will examine the role of the non-mainstream media in dealing with these issues in the light of Claire Denis’ movie titled Chocolat. Chocolat provides an interesting insight into the dynamics of race and colonialism. It is set in the remote region of Cameroon and tells the story from the perspective of a European child, whose father is the colonial administrator. The story is slow paced and has no real elements of a commercial film. There is hardly any exchange of dialogues between the characters and most of the actions and events in the story are left open-ended for the viewers to interpret. The narrator’s mother and her servant weave the main conflict of the story; the latter being a well-built Cameroonian with integrity and moral fibre that goes unnoticed because of his race, while the former is a lonely housewife. The movie incorporates visual elements that seek to explain the West’s sexual fascination with the inhabitants of their colonized territories; the African people in this case. It is understandable that the African culture is indeed exotic, but it is not just a sexual preference but depicts a greater need to dominate the people that they now own. The Africans were just seen as slaves but the attitude of their colonizers continues to mould their perception of contemporary Europeans and the non-Mainstream media often shows a glimpse of it from time to time. I. Claire Denis’ Chocolat (1988) The movie is set against the backdrop of French colonialism of the West African region. The plot is propelled forward through the flashbacks of a woman named France travelling around the outskirts of Cameroon, who manages to get a lift from an African American man passing by. While on the road, she is flooded with the memories of her childhood and reminisces about the time when her father was the Colonial Administrator of Cameroon, which forms the subsequent parts of the story. The entire story is told from the perspective of young France, who is befriended by their handsome African servant, Protee. France has a beautiful companionship with the houseboy, but unbeknownst to her, her young, attractive mother harbours romantic feelings for Protee, which are hinted to be mutual and serves as the prime complication in the story. Her desire for Protee is further escalated by the fact that her husband, France’s father is scarcely present around the house. The house is set in a remote locale, in order to fully focus on the emotional development of a handful of characters. The sexual tension between Aimee and Protee is a fundamental theme throughout the story, because Aimee cultivated such desires for a man who was not anywhere close to her race. She was the colonist, whereas Protee was the slave; in the eyes of the society, any kind of courtship or romance was completely out of question and was tabooed by the then-society. The African slaves were reduced to a status of a sub-human form and were denied privacy, whilst their Colonial Lords had every single ounce of that luxury. Protee often bathed in the open, while he was being silently watched by Aimee. It is ostensible that Aimee developed her sexual desires for him because of these minor occurrences and the absence of her husband led to the mounting of her sexual frustration. Even when

Some Issues of Global Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Some Issues of Global Finance - Assignment Example Normally, there are no risks of exchange rate crises and the system does not need government intervention in achieving the outcomes. They are normally variable since sometimes bandwagons and other speculative behavior drives and determines demand. It can also be so because exchange rates sometimes overshoot their long-run values.   The market corrects the rate automatically reflecting inflation and other market conditions influencing the economy.   Crawling peg: In this system, a currency links its value to another but gives it fluctuation limits and is immensely valuable if a currency linking itself has expectations of being volatile exceptionally, hence allowing itself to fluctuate to a level acceptable under the conditions. In this system, the authorities determine the value around which the currency can fluctuate.   Fixed exchange rate system. Here, the currency has direct convertibility towards another currency with the government trying to keep the value constant against the other currency. The government decrees the worth of its currency against the value of another, plus rules of the exchange. - Advantages and disadvantages of the Floating rate exchange system.   - Advantages. Flexibility, which enhances the capability of the country market economy to pick up and adjust quickly to the changing market conditions, is the main advantage of this system.   In case of a violation of the balance of payments deficit, this system of exchange allows for adjustment of outflow and/or inflow making either domestic or foreign goods more competitive depending on whether there was appreciation or depreciation in the currency market. Another advantage is the automatic determination of interest rates within the country, allowing efficient control of the economic balance. A country gets insulated from unemployment problems in other countries. This is because currency exchange rate adjustments normally serve as protection against the exportation of financial problems to other countries.   - Disadvantages. This system does not stimulate trade development and production, hence leading to market instability. Further, it destabilizes the financial situations and leads to economic crises. This causes uncertainty in trade; it may be uncertain to entrepreneurs the amount of money they get by selling their goods abroad or their prices in foreign countries. Likewise, importation will be uncertain since they may never know the cost of importing foreign goods. Another disadvantage is that the uncertainty it causes may discourage investment either internally or externally.   Additionally, it leads to speculation which is a serious economic destabilization since the speculative flows may contradict the trade flow patterns.

Personalisation in cases of abuse and vulnerability

Personalisation in cases of abuse and vulnerability Personalisation is a new government strategy which has been set up to support service users who need support or care from adult social care. This policy is a new approach in supporting disabled people to enable them to lead more independent lives and exercise choice and control over the services they receive (Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2010). The overall aim is for service users to have control over how money is allocated to their care is spent, this includes direct payments, individual budgets, personal budgets, user led services, self directed support. As well as, support brokerage which would involve professionals from the wider fields of healthcare, including occupational therapists, and non professionals to provide advice and support for them (Mandelstam, 2010). A personal health budget will enable a service user to decide how to use the money that the National Health Service has allocated to them for their care needs. It could just be a discussion with a doctor or other health care professionals, such as a care manager about the different ways the money could be spent on a care plan, or alternatively patients will be able to receive a cash payment to allow them to buy the care which has been agreed in the plan themselves (Stobbs, 2010). The Department of Health (2007a) also state that this is a move away from the traditional welfare system to a more consumer type model of service provision which in turn will improve the quality of peoples lives. Although elements of this new policy are not legally defined, service users will be fully involved in accessing their own needs by having a personal budget by means of a direct payment, which in turn gives them control of the money. Lymbery (2010) argues that there appears to be little recognition of the complexities and contradictions which characterize some areas of the policy, as well as having in inadequate resources bases for adult social care. However, Dunning (2009) suggests that as the personalisation agenda advances the role of advocacy and support brokerage will be of increasing importance. However as Mandlestam (2010) argues that brokers need not be local authority employees or even professionals, which can place individuals at risk. If personalisation is to achieve its core aims, it will be essential that those accessing individual budgets can refer to sources of advice and support. Councils will also have to strike the right balance between giving people the freedom to choose their own care and protecting clients and their budgets from abuse. In addition, Mandelstam (2010) also believes that professionals will benefit from moving away from financial gate-keeping to that of brokerage and advocacy. Duffy Gillespie (2009) discuss in their report that there appears to be some conflict between personalisation and safeguarding. The conflict has arisen through people thinking that that the ideas linked to the term personalisation and those linked to the term safeguarding is that this conflict is more likely to be a deep misunderstanding about both ideas rather than conflict. They have identified these misunderstandings around personalisation and safeguarding as; the goal for personalisation is freedom from control, not safety; the practice of personalisation is less concerned with the reduction of risk; and the rules and systems required for personalisation will increase risk. Although Pitt (2010) states that safeguarding and personalisation are seen as two sides of the same coin. Also, they discuss the procedure with regard to the complex cases of vulnerability and abuse where careful risk management and person centred practice is required. Self-Directed Support is enshrined within the personalisation policy and states that before any individual receives any support services, six vital checks for risk are to be completed which are; First Contact, Assessment, Capacity Test, Support Planning, Plan Review and Sign-Off Outcome Review. As well as this, Self-directed support is very flexible and holds a number of tools which make it easier to solve complex cases. Resources are targeted at outcomes as this identifies the right level of funding applicable to the particular situation and needs of the individual. High quality planning; which commands that the social worker/occupational therapist identifies the best approach for the individual. Risk assessment; especially where abuse is suspected or criminal measures might become necessary, police may play an integral p art to the final decision on the balance of risk. Appropriate control,; self directed support puts control of the funding into the hands of the appropriate person, such as a carer or a professional. Appropriate support; local authorities have to ensure that individuals can receive the help to manage their support that being traditional services, new or systems of peer support. Flexible resources; should be used creatively to support individuals and finally Outcome review; is essential which plays an integral part of the risk management process for the local authority. However, as Mandelstam (2010) points out personalisation may not always work for vulnerable adults who are unable to express choices, unless they are adequately supported. Shortages of resources in some local authorities could threaten the availability of the vital support which is needed for individuals, and therefore for this system to work it is not to be seen as a cost cutting measure. Duffy Gillespie (2010) report that there is a misconceived idea that personalisation is simply about freedom and treating safeguarding as it is simply about control is wrong and to enable a person to have a good life balance you have to balance between freedom and control. Safety is one of the key goals in personalisation as control can be personalised because designing support arrangements need to be tailored to fit the person and need be justified with regard for their capacity, effectiveness and proportionality. They also state that control does not guarantee safety, for example the current community care system is poor in providing individuals to exercise freedom and control. Individuals who need support often find they have little or no choice over the support they can receive as most social care services struggle to provide personalised support due to bureaucracy that surrounds them. This in turn can create dependency or frustration which can easily place individuals at greater risk. The idea that personalisation may increase the risk of abuse in some way has been suggested by many professionals (Lymbery,2010. Duffy Gillespie (2009) argue that personalisation is committed to improving safety as integral part of promoting well-being and enhancing citizenship along with offering techniques and approaches such as self-directed support which provides the framework for minimising the risk of harm and protecting vulnerable people from abuse. Personalisation is about designing support arrangements so they are more personal to the service user. McGauran (2010) points out in her report that occupational therapists are placed well within the personalisation agenda as they are the only allied health professional who are widely employed throughout social and health care sectors. Personalisation is congruent to the philosophy of occupational therapy as the heart of its practice is to be client centred, and therefore occupational therapists need to seize these opportunities to pilot new ways of delivering this service which would be of benefit to the clients and enhance professional practice. An example of this can be seen when an individual is given choice and control of a personal budget to purchase personal or nursing care for an older adult, then it would give the individual personal control over how, when and by whom the care or equipment should be provided. This philosophy is embraced with the College of Occupational Therapists Code of Ethics that occupational therapists shall at all times recognise, respect and uphold the autonomy of clients, and advocate client choice. (College of Occupational Therapists 2005, p.2.1). Social Care Institute for Excellence (2010) agree that occupational therapists are skilled in finding and tailoring individual solutions for people in different care settings and aim to improve the quality of life, as well as a facilitator of learning needs and can work collaboratively with people who use services, their carers, families, friends and other social care and health professionals to co-design and co-produce care and support. Social Care Institute for Excellence (2010) believes also that by introducing this new agenda it will allow service users to become empowered and enable them to design the support packages for themselves or choose how they want to live. This in turn will enable service users to feel that are being supported in staying well and ensure that they have access to public services. This approach undoubtedly has the potential to improve the quality of peoples lives and give occupational therapists the opportunity to use their skills and expertise. Over 70 health projects have been chosen by the Department of Health across England to pilot personal health budgets and a formal evaluation has been carried out by the Department of Health (Department of Health, 2009). Evidence suggests that although it was popular with younger disabled people, many of the older age service users found they were put off by the complexities of the scheme, especially around issues of becoming an employer if they needed to appoint paying carers (McGauran, 2010). As Mandelstem (2010) points out there is some confusion in the legislation in the personalisation agenda as there is no new legislation or detailed statutory guidance to support this. The Department of Health have set up a toolkit that fits personalisation into legislation but it is inadequate and contains errors. Therefore suggesting that there could be risks involved in the transformation of social care. What is apparent from evidence on pilot studies is very early to say what the full impact of personal budgets will be on occupational therapy staff and other professionals, and that it is most likely that developments of personal health budgets need to significantly change cultural values throughout the National Health Service (Stobbs, 2010). Personalisation in social care does have potential benefits in giving service users choice and control over their care services. Although there is no doubt that it does have some potential pitfalls. What can be recognised from this new approach is that safeguarding is essential to all service users especially complex cases where careful risk management and person centred practice are essential. However, personalisation is in its infancy stage and a lot more debate is needed around this new policy for service users to feel confident in new transformation of our healthcare system. Equally, this can be seen as an excellent opportunity for occupational therapists to demonstrate that they are well equipped to take the lead in this personalised agenda as it sits well in the role of their profession.

Essay --

Desertification is an increasing global issue that has caused many concerns throughout the world. Desertification affects mostly Africa; however it has (and still is) taking its toll on the Arabian Peninsula, southern Asia, Australia, southern South America, and the southwest region of the North American continent (â€Å"Desertification†, 2013). According to â€Å"Desertification: A Forgotten Threat†, every year, some 23,000 square miles of arable and range land are uncontrollably lost to desert, leaving an exceeding amount of consequences for the entire globe to face. As alarming as this fact is, it is important to understand the negative effects that desertification exerts on these affected areas, exactly what this problem is, what it is doing, why it’s happening, why it is important, and what global communities, as well as world leaders can do to prevent it from spiraling out of control in the future. This paper will focus on the physical and economical hards hips due to desertification, the causes of it, the necessary measures that should be taken to prevent it, as well as the importance of spreading global awareness regarding this topic. According to a statement made by UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) on December 10, 1993, â€Å"Desertification is ‘one of the most serious global environmental problems’† (â€Å"Desertification: Not About, 1994). When discussing the topic of desertification, two common questions are, â€Å"What is desertification exactly, and how is it possible for the desert to advance?† Desertification is a term that describes â€Å"the loss of productive land to desert† (â€Å"Desertification†, 2013). It’s a common, innocent public misconception that the desert is advancing; however, this in fact is not the case. When an area u... ...ined areas. Strongly supported by the UN Development Program’s Office to Combat Desertification and Drought, the CCD is the first treaty to demand full participation by local populations. This way, countries can learn from each other, passing on scientific and technical knowledge† (â€Å"Desertification: A Forgotten Threat†, 1999). As one can see, desertification is a serious matter at hand. Creating laws and setting limits to farmers can slow the desertification process slowed down. Actions need to be taken now in order to save the precious land. If nothing is done, the future of important nations will be dark as they are forced to face a myriad of economical and biological hardships. Additionally, there could very well be wars over land and water, causing the affected country to sink deeper and deeper into a viscous pit due to the malicious cycle of desertification.

Obesity and Biology

Obesity and Biology Obesity isn’t classified as an eating problem anymore. It is more than that a person’s biology plays a big roll. Cells and hormones play a big roll on how big you are and how your body regulates energy. Food equals energy and the body stores that energy in fat cells and uses the energy as needed. The metabolism breaks down that food and uses the energy generated from that food for everyday activities such as walking, talking, thinking. The faster ones metabolism is the more efficient they are at breaking down food and using the energy.The slower the metabolism the more energy gets stored and gets turned into fat cells and not used. The hormone leptin, which is produced in fat cells, sends signals to the brain telling it that its levels are dropping which means the cells are reducing. When this occurs the brain processes that information as starvation and sends signals back to slow down the metabolism and store as much energy as possible. There are pe ople who eat less than other but still gain weight. That’s a biological problem. There are areas in the brain research has found that if damaged can lead to obesity.One such area is the ventromedial hypothalamus and the surrounding axons. If this area in the brain is damaged at then this can lead to overeating and more storing of fat cells. Research conducted on rats at the University of Nebraska looked at this area in the brain and how it affects food intake and body weight. With damage to that area the rat nearly tripled in size in the cores of about sixty days. Food intake does not always correspond to body weight. It is possible to excessively eat and not gain weight. It just matters how active one is and how efficient the metabolism is.There are other areas in the brain located in the prefrontal cortex that also can affect body weight. Those areas are responsible for food-seeking behaviors. If one is always hooked on seeking high fat food such as burgers and high sugar d rinks such as coke then that can lead to an overweight problem. The problem with sugared drinks such as coke is that it is high in fructose sugar and that particular sugar does not raise insulin or leptin as other sugars do. So you drink more of the soda, which equates to more calories without satiety. The brain is not the only factor in weight another factor can be genetics.Your gene makeup can be responsible for how much energy you store, and that’s all been passed down to you from your ancestors. If your ancestors were only getting by in life by eating very little as about 1000 calories a day and storing a lot of energy in fat cells and using that energy efficiently then that means you should not eat foods that are high in fat. The reason is your genetic makeup structures your body to store more energy from food. Those whose body is structured like this that eat a normal diet of about 2500 calories a day will gain weight.That is due to the fact that the genes were from the ancestors thought a normal diet of about 1000 calories was good enough to get them by. In America most foods you find these days have a lot of fat in them. Good tasting unhealthy food is cheaper than healthy food. A burger is way cheaper than a salad these days. The American life style requires people to be able to get food quickly. No one likes waiting anymore and barely anyone cooks anymore. Home kitchens are beginning to shrink as Americans waist size is beginning to grow. Fast food restaurants blanket almost every business street.Americans eating lifestyle is one of the biggest factors in their weight. Obese people who lose weight end up gaining it right back because the brain thinks the body is starving because there are not enough fat cells that it was normally used to. A person that loses weight cannot eat the same amount as a person who is naturally at that weight. They have to eat about 500 calories less in order to maintain their new weight. Its not only a temporary diet they have to be on, but a lifetime diet if they want to keep the weight off and they have to exercise everyday.

Bd Railway

Organization Behavior of Bangladesh Railway In: Social Issues Organization Behavior of Bangladesh Railway An Assignment ON Organization behavior Submitted To: Dr. Syeda Lasna Kabir Associate Professor Dept. of Public Administration University of Dhaka. Submitted By: Md. Rajvi Hasan Roll No: MM–098 4th Year; 7th Semester Dept. of Public Administration University of Dhaka. Submission Date: 16th May 2011. Assignment topic A Research on Bangladesh Railway [pic] ? Introduction: Roads & Railways Division is one of the important Divisions in the Government under the Ministry of Communication.Ministry of Communication comprises two Divisions, 1. Roads & Railways Division and 2. Bridges Division. Roads & Railways Division shoulders a vast task and plays a vital role in socio-economic development of our country. It governs the Departments/Organizations which are playing very important roles in building our new nation. These are : (1) Roads & Highways Department (RHD), (2) Bangladesh Rai lway, (3) Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), (4) Bangladesh Road Transport corporation (BRTC), (5) Dhaka Transport Co-ordination Board and (6) The office of the Government Inspector of Bangladesh Railways (GIBR).The principal motto of this Division is to ensure improvement of socio-economic condition of the people of our country through formulating policies regarding roads, road transports and railways and through construction, development, expansion and maintenance of environment-friendly and user-friendly integrated roads and railway transportation. Bangladesh Railway (BR) is the state-owned rail transport agency of Bangladesh. It operates and maintains the entire railway network of the country.Railway operation in today's Bangladesh began on November 15, 1862 when 53. 11 kilometers of 5  ft  6  in  (1,676  mm) (broad gauge) line were opened for traffic between Darsana and Jagiti. The next 14. 98 kilometers 1,000  mm  (3  ft  3  3? 8  in) (meter gaug e) line was opened for traffic on 4 January 1885. In 1891, the construction of then Bengal Assam Railway was taken up by the British Government assistance but that was later on taken over by the Bengal Assam Railway Company.On 1 July 1895, two sections of meter gauge lines were opened between Chittagong and Comilla, a length of 149. 89 kilometers and between Laksam and Cahndpur, a length of 50. 89 kilometers. Railway Companies formed in England took up the construction and operation of these sections in middle and late 19th century. At time of the partition of India in 1947, Bengal-Assam Railway was split up and the portion of the system, about 2,603. 92 kilometers fell within the boundary of then East Pakistan and control remained with the central Government of Pakistan.Later with the effect from 1 February 1961, Eastern Bengal Railway was renamed as Pakistan Eastern Railway. Then in 1962, the control of Pakistan Eastern Railway was transferred from the Central Government to the Go vernment of East Pakistan and placed under the management of a Railway Board with the effect from the financial year 1962-63 by the presidential Order of 9 June 1962. As of 2005, the total length of railroad is 2,855 kilometres.Of that, 660  km are broad gauge tracks (mostly in the western region), 1,830  km are metre gauge tracks (mostly in the central and eastern regions) and 365  km are dual gauge tracks The gauge problem is being tackled by adding third rails to the most important broad and metre gauge routes, so that they become dual gauge. A major road-rail bridge at Jamuna opened in 1998 to connect the previously detached east and west rail networks. On March 2008, the broad gauge reached Dhaka, the national capital. Funding is being sought to upgrade the network and transform Bangladesh Railway into a profitable business.BR exceeded its target revenue earnings in the fiscal year 2007-2008. Bangladesh Railway provides various types of services ranging from shuttle servi ce for university students to freight and cargo service. But still BR could not make profit as it is providing services to the nation at a subsidised rate in order to help the country's economy and for the ease of people. Objective: The objectives of this study are 1) To understand & evaluate the departmentalization of the BR. 2) To know the Spam of Control system of this organization. 3) To analyze the applicability of the theory of ‘Job Specialization’ in this selected organization.Rationale of the study: We have to overview the internal coordinating mechanism, internal environment & the technology, age and the size of the organization. Because without knowing these features we can’t evaluate an organization’s hierarchy, efficiency, working environment in true sense. Research Question: The questions which will lead us to the research: 1. How does the span of control will work in BR? 2. What is the departmentalization of BR? 3. How job specialization is o ccurred? Hypothesis: On which the research are based on: 1. If it is a bureaucratic structure then the job specialization, departmentalization will be strict. . If it is a matrix structure, then job specialization, departmentalization will be much flexible than the previous one Research Methodology: 1. Content Analysis which is most common method for all types of research. The related books, publications, newspapers, internet sources etc have given information about the total scenario of the organization. 2. I have interviewed few officials to understand the situation of that org. Area of focus: The area we are focusing on: Bangladesh Railway Head Office, Top khana, Dhaka. And, Bangladesh Railway Administrative Building,Kamlapur, Dhaka. Limitations of the study: 1. I had very little time to complete this study. 2. I did not have enough experience to do such studies. 3. As the data are collected from key informants at their working hours, there is chance of not receiving exact accura te information 4. I faced non cooperation from some of the employees. †¢ Chapterization: 1. Introduction: The railway department is a semi-autonomous organization under the The Ministry of Communications. This study intends to find out the internal coordinating mechanism, how does it cope with the external environment.The whole system of communication, tasks, coordinating mechanism prevails around organizational structure. Job specialization & departmentalization are the two vital features of organization. And these two are hugely depended on that. If it follows a bureaucratic structure, then the job specialization & departmentalization will be as rigid as the bureaucracy. And if it follows a matrix structure, then it will be more open to the environment. 2. Theoretical Framework: In this study, we will try to define these with the following theories: Job Specialization:The method of job specialization involves breaking down a task to its lowest level and designing jobs around each part. This creates specialization, expertise, and improved quality. Job specialization design in the workplace is frequently seen in manufacturing and assembly lines where a worker focuses on one specific task and ability during the entire work shift. The task frequently repeats all day long. Specialization is the process of performing a certain task which makes a person be in limited in performing other activities out of work she/he is specializes purposely.Job descriptions are written statements that describe the: †¢ duties, †¢ responsibilities, †¢ most important contributions and outcomes needed from a position, †¢ required qualifications of candidates, and †¢ Reporting relationship and coworkers of a particular job. Job descriptions are based on objective information obtained through job analysis, an understanding of the competencies and skills required to accomplish needed tasks, and the needs of the organization to produce work. Job descriptions c learly identify and spell out the responsibilities of a specific job.Job descriptions also include information about working conditions, tools, equipment used, knowledge and skills needed, and relationships with other positions. The best job descriptions are living, breathing documents that are updated as responsibilities change. The best job descriptions do not limit employees, but rather, cause them to stretch their experience, grow their skills, and develop their ability to contribute within their organization. Departmentalization: Departmentalization refers to the process of grouping activities into departments.Division of labor creates specialists who need coordination. This coordination is facilitated by grouping specialists together in departments. The main types of departmentalization are- †¢ Functional departmentalization – Grouping activities by functions performed. Activities can be grouped according to function (work being done) to pursue economies of scale b y placing employees with shared skills and knowledge into departments for example human resources, IT, accounting, manufacturing, logistics, and engineering.Functional departmentalization can be used in all types of organizations. †¢ Product departmentalization – Grouping activities by product line. Tasks can also be grouped according to a specific product or service, thus placing all activities related to the product or the service under one manager. Each major product area in the corporation is under the authority of a senior manager who is specialist in, and is responsible for, everything related to the product line. LA Gear is an example of company that uses product departmentalization. Its structure s based on its varied product lines which include women’s footwear, children’s footwear and men’s’ footwear. †¢ Customer departmentalization – Grouping activities on the basis of common customers or types of customers. Jobs may be grouped according to the type of customer served by the organization. The assumption is that customers in each department have a common set of problems and needs that can best be met by specialists. The sales activities in an office supply firm can be broken down into three departments that serve retail, wholesale and government accounts. Geographic departmentalization – Grouping activities on the basis of territory. If an organization's customers are geographically dispersed, it can group jobs based on geography. For example, the organization structure of Coca-Cola has reflected the company’s operation in two broad geographic areas – the North American sector and the international sector, which includes the Pacific Rim, the European Community, Northeast Europe, Africa and Latin America groups. †¢ Process departmentalization – Grouping activities on the basis of product or service or customer flow.Because each process requires different skills, proce ss departmentalization allows homogenous activities to be categorized. For example, the applicants might need to go through several departments namely validation, licensing and treasury, before receiving the driver’s license. Span of control: The span of control refers to number of employees that directly report to a single manager. Span of control determines the structure of an organization, a narrow span of control results in hierarchal organization while broad span of control leads to flat structure.Since management represents the activities that do not directly result in productivity, they are rather a overhead, span of control determines the additional operational cost. Quantitatively,  companywide overhead can be calculated by dividing the total number of management staff with the size of organization. Span of control formulation What is an optimal ratio of manger to direct reports without compromising the productivity? It is a fundamental problem in designing the str ucture of an organization; empirically this range is pretty wide, from 4 to 22 depending upon the nature of work.In 1933, V. A. Graicunas, a paris based consultant formulated the span of control based on number of direct and indirect relationships that a superior has to manage. Graicunas identified three types of relationships: 1. Number of direct relationships between manager and subordinate, it represents the span of control. 2. Number of peer-to-peer relationships, it represent issues due to interpersonal conflicts. Note that each pair of peers represent 2 relationships and not 1, if there are two subordinates, dick and jane, dick might have different concern for jane than jane’s concern for dick.Hence for a manger, they represent 2 different set of problems and not one. 3. Data analysis ; data presentation: Bangladesh Railway is one of the most efficient ; large departments of GOB. Since the Department was founded the size of the major rail network in Bangladesh has grown . The Department is headed by a Director General who is supported by a number of officers. The total number of personnel in the Department is almost 35,000. It’s a huge number for any organization. To control this kind of large organizations, one needs to have very strong Span of control or line of authority. BR has that. pic] After independence, the railway was first supervised by a Railway Board which was abolished in 1982. Thereafter, the BR came under the jurisdiction of the Railway Division of the Ministry of Communications with the Secretary of the Division working as the Director General of BR. In 1995, instead of being the part of the Ministry, BR came under control of a professional Director General supervised by the Bangladesh Railway Authority that is chaired by the Minister of Communications. As the part of the Bureaucracy, BRfollows the BURREAUCRATIC STRUCTURE, which refers to the Tall Organization.According to the concept it is appropriate for Bureaucratic Organ izations. But, it causes some disadvantages too. DEPARTMENTALIZATION can be described as grouping employees on the basis of the similarity of expertise, knowledge. It enhances the success rate of an organization. As BR is a huge organization, it’s divided into several departments on the basis of the similar functions. BR is divided into two zones, East ; West, each under control of a general manager who is accountable to the Director General of Bangladesh Railway. The two zones have their separate departments or operation, maintenance, and finances. Each zone is divided into two divisions that contain departments for Personnel, Transportation, Commercial, Finance Mechanical, Way and Works Signaling ; Telecommunication, Electrical, Medical, etc. Each zone also has its Workshop Divisions, located at Pahartali and Saidpur, respectively. A locomotive workshop is located at Parbatipur for broad and metre gauge locomotives. BR manages its own Railway Training Academy. A separate Di rectorate under the Ministry of Communications is charged to inspect different works of BR in relation to safety.Job Specialization is the process of performing a certain task which makes a person be in limited in performing other activities out of work she/he is specializes purposely. It enables employees to become very skilled ; productive at their assigned task. Another motive of departmentalization is to ensure job specialization. It is usually seen that every department of an organization is assigned to those functions or tasks at which they are expert. The downside of job specialization tends to be that people can only do one task. They aren’t trained to multitask or handle multiple areas of a workplace.As a result, when a critical expertise is lost, the process can suffer. Additionally, workers under job specialization don’t have a wide array of applicable skills, so it becomes hard for them to adapt to a new function or need in the organization. It creates mono poly this means after specialization certain field of work may lead into boredom to the worker. Efficient administration of BR is also hindered by lack of rules and regulations that have been approved by the Board but are awaiting Government approval as well. Which creates delay to the recruitment process. Conclusion:Removing the old shield, the whole world is intending to get more modernized. But still we are following the hundreds years old ‘Bureaucracy system’ which has caused nothing but losses. Being a Bureaucratic organization or part BR is no different. They are still following the traditional bureaucratic model with no flexibility. Everything in the organization prevails according to the law ; regulation. Job specialization or departmentalization is fixed. They can’t work out of it, even in an emergency. There is little chance for the subordinates to present their ideas or opinions by crossing seniors.They maintain a very strict line of authority, where m anagers have the supreme authority. This may be the traditional bureaucratic role. But it has to change according to the needs of this millennium. As like the private organizations RHD officials should be given more freedom, authorization to take faster decision. Only then the organizational goal of customer satisfaction can be achieved. Reference: 1. http://www. railway. gov. bd 2. Class lectures 3. Railway Information book 4. Mr. Ahsanullah Bhuiyan, Deputy Director, Bangladesh Railway. 5. Mr. Sarwar Alam, Asstt. Commercial Officer, Bangladesh Railway. [pic]

Sarah Kemble Knight essays

Sarah Kemble Knight essays What would a woman in the 1700s be doing riding on horseback across country by herself? This question seems shocking to some but not to a woman like Sarah Kemble Knight. She was the daughter of a Boston merchant and married a sea captain. In her quest from Boston to New York, we will look at the aspect she had on her journey. The differences she noted in her diary about how she portrayed the people of that time, and the religion that Sarah had in her life. Sarah was a Puritan woman, and with keeping that in mind she had great humor in her writings. She portrayed herself as humorous and her surroundings also. The still all too common stereotype of Puritans is that of somber and unsmiling. The Puritans belief was to serve God and their husbands. After reading the introduction, Sarah lost her father in 1689 and with her husband out to sea she assumed the responsibilities of the household, as with many other women of this time. Through the history books women are portrayed as being seen but not heard and through the readings of American Literature I have come to realize that women played a very important role in this era. Women were often far from ideal and in a frontier society they sometimes had to take on mens work. Usually on the death of their husbands and fathers the women had to become printers, stationers, writers, and innkeepers. Knight was an unusually independent woman for her time. During her lifetime she supported herself and her family by running a shop, teaching handwriting to children, copying legal documents, and taking in boarders. In the journal that Knight kept of her journey, she described what it was like to travel on horseback, accompanied by a mail carrier and other travelers. The road was rough, the rivers were treacherous and this frightened Sarah very much. The fear she was feeling did not dampen her spirits of the journey. Her imagination ran wild with the vividness of her ...

Wave Kinetics and Tidal Energy as an Alternative Research Paper

Wave Kinetics and Tidal Energy as an Alternative - Research Paper Example Wind has also energy stored in it, which can be transformed to a usable form by utilizing windmills or wind generators. Similarly sun provides us both light energy and thermal energy. Both of the solar energy types can be transformed to other energy forms to be utilized in a usable manner. Running water has also an energy stored in it, which is a hydrodynamic energy, which is due to the mass of the water and the gravitation of the earth. In the similar manner, biomass provides the biogas, which has a high concentration of methane in it which can be burnt to attain thermal energy. Energy can also be attained from high and low tides. The main concern of the modern world is the emissions of green house gasses that are the result to burning of the fossil fuels like coal, furnace oil, etc to attain the high amounts of thermal and kinetic energy. Fossil fuel is considered to be a conventional resource to attain energy and modern world is looking forward to utilize the alternative resources like wind, tidal, solar geothermal, hydro, etc. The utilization of these alternative resources ensures low or no carbon and green house gasses emissions and if the energy is utilized for the generation of power, low operational costs are also ensured. In this research, my major focus is to discuss the environmental and economic aspects of utilizing the wave kinetic and tidal energy for the generation of power (Pikeresearch 2011). The other matter that should be discussed is the potential of wave kinetic and tidal energy to meet the demand for the energy and is the resources have more or less potential or low capital costs than harvesting other alternative energy. The higher the capital cost (effective cost to establish an energy harvesting system), the higher will be the unit price of the power. Wave kinetic or a hydrokinetic energy is the energy that is attained by the force of waves that have a deep impact on the shores. This type of energy has the enough potential to generate po wer on the shores, near shores and off shores. Moving water has a crushing power that could be utilized to generate power. It will be a difficult task for a swimmer to swim opposing the waves. The power of moving water can be seen in a hydro power plant that is able to generate the power that could fulfill the requirements of more than one city. The wave kinetic energy is an alternate type of energy that has enough potential to generate power that could replace many coal fired power plants. Tidal energy can also be utilized as an alternate energy resource to generate power. Running water is utilized to produce tides that are essentially utilized to generate power. Water in the form of tides has a hydrodynamic energy. The tidal energy can be collected from rivers, where turbines that are able to transform the kinetic energy of the water into electrical energy. The tidal generator is similar to a wind turbine generator but the major difference is that the tidal energy generators are l ie under the surface of water to capture the hydrodynamic energy of water. Tidal energy can also be attained from oceans, as tides also influence the ocean water. The system utilizes a separation with an empty space at lower end to install a tidal generator, between the ocean and basin. At high tide the level of water at the ocean side rises and pressure of water rises towards the basin side. The pressure of water enables the tidal generator to generate several kilos to mega watts of energy.

Different SPI Models of Cloud Computing Case Study - 1

Different SPI Models of Cloud Computing - Case Study Example Cloud computing is actually a colloquial expression that refers to an array of varying types of computing concepts that consist a large number of computers interconnected to each other by means of an actual, simultaneous communication like the Internet (Carroll et al., 2012). Also, cloud computing is a model that is used to allow pervasive, global, and convenient network access to a common collection of configurable computing resources such as networks and servers (Mell & Grance, 2011). Essentially, the objective of cloud computing is to maximize shared resources. This has been carried out by sharing services and resources that are made available on the World Wide Web. How? At the root of cloud computing is a deeper concept of combined infrastructure and shared services. So, why the thought of using clouds as part of the phrase? Cloud computing allows shared services including servers, not actual serves but virtual servers which are interconnected to each other using the internet. These servers do not really exist in actuality; hence, they can be moved around or expanded while the end-user is not being affected at all – similar to a cloud. Cloud computing has different SPI models and each of them has a specific use. But first, let us learn about what SPI means. SPI is an acronym that refers to conventional cloud computing models. SPI stands for the following: S is for Software as a Service (SaaS); P is for Platform as a Service (PaaS), and I is for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). SaaS is specifically intended for the end-users, which are transmitted over the internet. PaaS is a collection of means or instruments meant for coding and setting up applications quickly and efficiently. And lastly, IaaS simply pertains to the hardware and software that make everything work effectively. These include servers, networks, operating systems, etc. (Mell & Grance, 2011). SaaS is normally end-user applications that are being delivered by means of the internet.  There is no need for installation as long as a browser and a connection to the internet are set.  

Midterm Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Midterm Report - Term Paper Example However, the actual writing process enabled me to encounter, firsthand, the challenges entailed and how to address them. This is the case particularly in the context of my abilities and resources. To put it another way, the theories that the source texts and lectures provide are general concepts. Their actual application in my case - has given me interesting and valuable insights because it is contextualized to my own capabilities and resources. Another important skill that I was able to develop was the ability to design and adhere to a method or a system to complete specific writing tasks. Personally, it is challenging for me to focus on a particular element in the process so it is easy to be lost or digress. For instance, I used to write according to the flow of my thoughts. Often, this leads to redundant or unnecessary contents that I am forced to edit out. In this respect, I came to recognize the importance of outline and structure, which according to Riordan (2013), is crucial in helping the reader grasp the information provided (p.14). The same can be said in the area of teamwork. In group activities and research, there is an imperative for a roadmap that details roles, relationships and outcomes so that each member contributes meaningfully to the achievement of objectives. In the course of writing this progress report, I came to realize that there are still areas which I need to improve on. I noticed, for instance, that I still find it challenging to differentiate technical writing from other forms of writing that I am used to such as the essay format, which requires personal inputs and opinion. Sometimes, it is inevitable for me to include a comment on cited information. I have identified a way to address this problem. Aside from the familiarization of the rules in technical writing, it is important for me to think about

Instructional Design Essay Example for Free

Instructional Design Essay The world is a place full of so many different professions that need people to train to be regarded as professionals of a specific area. Doctors, managers, engineers, drivers, teachers, professors, lecturers and so many other professionals are qualified because the people did some kind of training. The training offered by the relevant institutions were not just conducted without guidelines, there were and there are still guidelines showing what is required when one wants to become a qualified professional. These guidelines are implemented in a process that has the specific instructions developed in a systematic manner known as the instructional design. Instructional design is an out line of well organised specific instructions on a specific profession guiding trainers on how to produce quality education and profession in a learning environment (Teaching Center, 2004). An instructional design always have four major steps though different models have different ways of showing these steps. It always has the design and the analysis step, the implementation and the production step, the developing step, and the review and evaluation step (Teaching Center, 2004). Why would an institution look for this kind of a process? Performance of an organisation depends on the employees, and the skills these employees have must be of importance to an institution. Another issue is that no organisation or institution would like to have a bad reputation of producing low quality professional skills, institutions would work towards the standards required by the public. Instructional design helps quality skill and performance production (Whiddett and Hollyforde, 2003). Professional Development Professional development is the manner in which the skills a person requires to maintain a specific line of career are developed or maintained. It is usually offered through continued education and training. Professional development is always a role left to the human resource manager or professional trainers in development departments in the organization. Teachers, lecturers and other educational trainers also play a big role in the professional development. The teachers and education organization trainers offer professional skills to students under various fields of study or profession. They are therefore required to know the steps and instructional designs used for the development of students professionally as Graff et. al note in their book (2006). Professional development involves the formal kind of education for example university education, post secondary education or even polytechnic education that enables a person to obtain a certificate or a credential that will enable him/her to get employment and retain it due to the knowledge the person has gained. The process of professional development therefore involves teaching on the various topics of the profession and other training procedures like practicals and internships (Gaff et. al, 2006). A teacher is required to organise how this professional development will be done on his/her students over a given period of time. There are other ways that professional development could be done, for example personal coaching can lead to one gaining the relevant knowledge and required training for a certain profession. This is mostly done through professional development individual and informal programs. Professional development in a work place enhances the individual skills on the processes and tasks at work. These skills that can be improved are such as team management skills, effectiveness skills and the system of and organizations thinking skills. The task skills that can be enhanced by professional development are such as skills on training safety, applications on computer software and skills on customer services (Cindy et. al, 2000). Professional development can also be a choice of the already employed. In this situation the individual under the current occupation undergoes the relevant training to improve his/her skills on the specific profession. Examples of normally desired skills for this kind of professional development are; leadership skills for the managers and skills on specific training techniques on different professions for example the training skills on, metal work equipments, engineers, medical practitioners and many others. There are different requirements for different professions in professional development. The kind of training that a medical student undergoes is not the same as the kind of training an accounting student would undergo. The different fields require different knowledge, skills and internships. An example of a professional development is in the health care profession that involves the development of skills, knowledge and attitude of the students or the workers to ensure that they work effectively and confidently (Work Cover 2003). In order to gain the knowledge, skills and the attitude, the students or the health care workers have to be trained, mentored and supervised. Organisational structures have to be created and maintained as well to ensure team work in the medical field and support for the individuals (National Society, 1986). Another example of professional development is training of customers which is normally done by manufactures with new machines and would like to train their customers on how to use the machine. This is normally referred to as an after sales service that aims to prevent misuse of the equipment, technology or a system (National Society, 1986). Instructional Designs  There are so many definitions to an instructional design. An instructional design can be defined as an organised out line of a teachers or a trainers program on how professional development will be conducted or performed. It can also be referred to as a model developed for a competency based system. Another definition according to a learning and teaching center indicates that an instructional design is an effective transfer tool with instructions used by teachers and learners to organise communication technology (2004). The instructional design is organised based on the profession to be developed, the students to be trained, the time available for training, available resources and the requirements of the course of the specific profession. Why would there be instructional designs? Different professions have different requirements and standards of performance. One has to be a doctor or a manager after learning the skills required in those respective fields of study. The world is changing gradually and the skills required before are either improved or are no longer used, there are standards too to guide the kind of skills in a specific profession. In order to determine if a person has accomplished the requirements of a specific profession and has undergone the training, there has to be a guide to it. This guide is the instructional design. The designs have the instructions on what should be done on the competency systems, how it should be done, the time the system or the professional development requires and is according to the national standards of specific professional requirements. An example is in the information technology field. Information technology has experienced great changes in the technological methods. The technology professionals need a standard method to use in monitoring the performance of information technology firms to determine if they are up to competency standards. Performance of an organisation always depend on the type and quality of skills employed in the firm. Just as other firms need qualified personnel in their fields, its the same way the information technology requires qualified personnel too (Harless, 1970). Evaluating if an information technology firm has the competent group of professionals depends on the kind of training of the professionals. Professionals have to have undergone some kind of training with specified standards qualifying one as a professional. These standards are always integrated in the instructional design, therefore it is important that an instructional design guides the information technology professionals in the evaluation of the competency of the firms. Instructional designs offer guidelines to evaluation as well as guidelines to professional development (Harless1970). When the right guidelines are used in the evaluation of an organisation, the performance of the organisation is sure to be of standard. Instructional Design Models There are various models that can be used to develop instructional designs. Teachers and trainers select the models they find appropriate for the process of profession development. This discussion will only give more information on three models among the many models of instructional designs. The three models are; the ADDIE model, Carey and Dick model and rapid prototyping model. Other models though not thoroughly discussed here are the Rajans and Smiths model, and the Kemp, Rose and Morrisons model (Gilbert, 1978). Carey and Dick model This kind of model does not consider the instructions in an instructional model as separated components, but as a collective system. It out lines the various components of an instructional design. The system of an instructional design as argued by Dick and Carey has so many components as shown. The goals, analysis, contexts and learners, aims of performance, the materials of the instructional design, strategy to be used in the instructional design, design evaluation, design instruments and the process of revising the instructional design (Dick et. al. , 1978). The process of instructional design planning and development requires several steps as Carey and Dick indicate in their book (1978). The first step in instructional design creation is the identification of the goals of the instructional design that a trainer or teacher would like to accomplish with the students. The second step involves analysing the instructions of the design. A third step involves analysing the contexts and the learners then noting the performance aims. The next step in this process according to Dick and Carey is looking for the instruments of assessment and developing them. A strategy is developed, materials for professional development selected, instructions evaluated based on the formulated evaluation method and the instructions revised. The last important step done is the evaluation of the whole system of instructional design as noted by Dick et. al. The formulators of this model believe that the system of instructional design integrates all the components of the system to work together towards the goal of the design, which is desired student outcomes (1978).