The Rise And Development Of American Novel English Literature Essay

The Rise And Development Of American Novel English Literature Essay When we speak about American Literature, we are speaking about written works that were produced in America geographically or politically. Apart from English writers the American writers also proved their worth in creating literature such as is able to be recognized as one the best masterpieces of the English works. The genre of novel gave the novelists a medium to speak freely to the world seeking comfort and knowledge contrasted to the other genres of literature in which apart from creativity a writer has to seek many other techniques of writing which sometimes hurdle the writer to express his or her true meaning. The category is as wide as poetry: novels are long prose fictions, including every kind of Plot (tragic, comic), all styles and manners of dealing with their material (from the satiric to rhapsodic) and showing a capacity to cover every imaginative subject matter from all points of view. They range from the popular Thriller to the most esoteric literary artifice. The capacity of the form to absorb other literary styles, its freedom to develop in any direction and its flexibility, have made the novel the major modern literary form.(Gray, 198). There are many reasons which show the absence of cultural voices in the early American novel. First of all there was no authentic American language or medium of expression avaiable for literary purpose. Americans were in a process to coin new style of language that could be considered as the American language distinguished from the English style or Englsih writing style. There was also lack of cultural support for the Americans to create new ideas or creative efforts. America due to the impact of colonialism was not in a strong position to depict its utmost culture in its works of literature. American culture tended to be parochial and generally distrustful of any written expression that was not didactic. For example, clergy such as Janathan Edwards taught that reading novels was an indulgence leading to moral decline. Due to an unstable society, there could be no stable American genre of the novel. Cathy Davidson and others have argued that some novels tried to attain an ideological status (Revolution and the Word, 1986) which is a critique of the existing order, and that the more popular the genre became, the more those vested with cultural authority worried over their loss of dominance. This was especially true because novels, unlike sermons, required no intermediaries for interpretation. The early American novel, as a genre, tended to proclaim a society egalitarian message. It spoke forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦orphans, beggar girls, factory girls, or other unfortunates, and it repeatedly advocated the general need for female education'. (Davidson,73). The genre of novel can be classified as sentimental, picaresque, gothic and the novels of nostalgia or reclamation which unifies the spirit of the nation for example James Fenimore Coopers novel The Spy (1821). Sentimental novel or novel of sensibility reflects the sentimentalism of the 18th century which is reflected in sentimental comedy and domestic tragedy. The term Sentimentalism bears two meanings, first the overindulgence in emotion especially for the pleasure that this feeling provides, secondly the optimistic overemphasis on the goodness of humanity (sensibility), signifying in part a reaction against Calvinism, which regarded human nature as depraved. Pamela was the beginning of the style; although Fieldings more realistic Tom Jones was written in protest. There are also examples of 18th century sentimental novel: Oliver Goldsmiths The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), Henry Mackenzies The Man of Feeling (1771), Laurence Sternes Tristram Shandy (1760-67). Sensibility is a term for reliance on feelings as guides to the truth and not on reasoning and law. The term is concerned with primitivism, sentimentalism, the nature movement, and other aspects of romanticism. The high value that the e ighteenth century put on sensibility was a feedback against the stoicism of the 17th century and the theories progressed by Hobbes and others that human beings were inspired primarily by self-interest. Picaresque began in sixteenth century as a counterpoise to the chivalric romance. It includes a gallery of human types drawn from all societal classes. It sorts lower class protagonists who survive by treachery and malleability. Hero is both a swindler and a victim. It also features a encounter between the heros craving to survive and his natural itches to side with truth and goodness. Picaresque novel uses subsidiary characters, like Sancho Panza, who assist the hero. This genre also emphasizes liberty and emission from limits of conservative society and lastly it also features panoramic scenes. The purpose of this genre is that it contains different types of discourse: philosophical reflection, travel essay, political disquisition, it also parodies other traditional literary forms, such as poetry and the romance. It is also suitable for observation on politics of republicanism. Its dimness is its uneven point of views-not a problem in Huck Finn, though. Hugh Henry Brackenridges Mod ern Chivalry (1792-1815), Tabitha Gilman Tenneys Female Quixotism: Exhibited in the Romantic Opinion and Extravagant Adventures of Dorcasina Sheldon (1801), Charlotte Lennoxs The Female Quixote (1752), and Royall Tylers The Algerine Captive (1797) are a few examples of picaresque novels. The conventions of Gothic are mad monks, castles, ruined abbeys-and also superstitions and delusion, hidden corruption and human anxieties, mazelike pathways, haunted minds masked by apparently normal outward lives. Gothic conventions became a form for expressing fears of the conflicting claims of authority and liberty in American society-self-made, self-improved, self-confident men abusing power or undermining the social order. Charles Brockden Browns Wieland (1798), Ormond (1789), and Edgar Huntly (1799) are the examples of Gothic genre. So far as American literature is concerned Captain John Smith is considered to be the first American author due to his work: A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Noate as Hath Happened in Virginiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(1608). This kinds of works are known as the colonial literature. Smiths other works are The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624). Other colonial writers of this manner are Daniel Denton, Thomas Ashe, William Penn, George Percy, William Strachey, Daniel Coxe, Gabriel Thomas, and John Lawson. During 18th century the focus of all the phenomena were shifted from religion to the reasoning with the advent of era of science and inventions. All the happenings were observed with the laws of Physics as were given by Sir Isaac Newton and thus religion and the rules of clergy were demolished. There happened a great shift from the Holy Scriptures towards the human reasoning as to say. This era is known as the Enlightenment of 18th century which strongly impacted the authority of churchmen hence making the way for democratic principles. There also increase in population in the British colonies which helped account for the greater diversity of opinion in religion as well as political life which is seen in the literature of this time. The American post-independence era gave rise to many pieces of writing concerning American State, comprising notes on the State of Virginia by Thomas Jefferson and his many letters solidify his place as one of the most trained early American writers. So far as the first American novels are concerned, they were first published during late 18th and early 19th century. These works of fiction were too lengthy to be printed for pubic reading, but the publishers took the chance to public having hope that they would become steady sellers and hence need to be printed. Among the first American novels are Thomas Attwood Digges Adventures of Alonso, which was published in London in 1775, and William Hill Browns The Power of Sympathy published in 1791. Browns novel shows a tragic love story between siblings who fell in love without knowing that they were related. This epistolary novel is related to the Sentimental novel tradition. During the next decade many novels were published which were written by many female writers. Susanna Rowso is known very well for her novel, Charlotte Temple, which is a tale of seduction and written in third person warning against listening to the voice of passionate love and counsels resistance as well. Another female novelist, Hannah Forster wrote The Coquette: Or, the History of Eliza Wharton which was published in 1797 and it was also an extremely popular novel. This being told from Hannah Forsters point of view and secondly based on the life of Eliza Whitman, this another epistolary novel is concerned with a woman who is seduced and abandoned. Eliza is a coquette who is courted by two very very different men: a clergyman who is offering her the comfort and regularity of domestic life, and a noted and specified libertine. Both novels that is The Coquette and Charlotte are considered to be those novel which speak about the rights of women. In this way these novels can be rendered as the Feminist novels or works of American literature. These novels are also known as the democratic ones as they speak of equal rights of women. The novels are classified under the term as sentimental novels or sentimental genre, characterised by over indulgence in emotion. They are an open invitation to listen to the voice of reasoning against misleading passions and they are also an optimistic over-emphasis about the necessary goodness of humanity. Although these novels were very popular, yet the economic infrastructure of that time did not allow these writers to make their ways living easier. It was in 1809 when an American author, Washington Irving, was able to publish his work entitled A History of New-York from Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty and he became able to support himself from the income generated by his publications. Charles Brockden Brown is another American novelist who published Wieland in 1798, Ormond in 1799 and Edgar Huntlyin in 1799 which were of the Gothic genre. Hugh Henry Brackenridge published Modern Chivalry in 1792 which was of the picaresque genre. Tabitha Gilman Tenney wrote Female Quixotism, Charlotte Lennox wrote The Female Quixote in 1752. Royall Tyler, William Gillmore Simms, Lydia Maria Child, John Neal and Catherine Maira are the porminent figures of American novelists. Puritanism 17th Century: Puritanism is a movement created by extreme Calvinist Protestants who sought to purify religion and society. They believed God would cleanse their feelings through grace eliminating envy, vanity, and lust. Puritans valued plainness in all things including their writing. Of Plymouth Plantation by William Bradford, and speech Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God by Jonathan Edwards Classicism/ The Age of Reason 18th Century: The Age of Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, is an intellectual movement which began in Europe. Writers during this time believed the goals of rational individuals were knowledge, freedom, and happiness. The literary movement which coincided with the Age of Reason was Classicism, based on the study of and adherence to the ancient classic works of Greece and Rome. Classicists valued clarity, order, balance, and reason instead of imagination. They believed nature was like a machine with fixed, unchanging laws. The following works are examples: Poor Richards Almanack -Benjamin Franklin Speech in the Virginia Convention Patrick Henry The Crisis, Number 1 Thomas Paine The Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson To the Right Honorable William, Earl of Dartmouth Phillis Wheatly Nationalism in Literature Late 18th Century to Early 19th Century: Nationalism developed from pride, patriotism, and the desire to be distinctly different from the Europeans. American writers tried to write stories and poems unlike European Romantic writers, but they largely failed in their efforts. Rip Van Winkle by Washington Irving and The Deerslayer James Fennimore Cooper Romanticism 19th Century: Romanticism is the movement that rebelled against Classicism in favor of the imagination and emotions. Romantic writers favored intuition over reason and were more concerned with the individual than the whole society. They saw art as an imaginative expression of an individuals essence. Romantics viewed nature as a beautiful mystery, and source of moral and spiritual lessons, not a machine. Many American Romantic writers were also Nationalists who used American history and legends as their subject matter. Rip Van Winkle Washington Irving, The Deerslayer by James Fennimore Cooper, Masque of the Red Death and The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe, Walden by Henry David Thoreau, and Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne are the exemplary wroks. American Renaissance/ New England Renaissance Mid 19th Century: The American Renaissance is a flourishing of literature dominated by two groups: the Brahmins (based in Cambridge, Massachusetts) and the Transcendentalists (based primarily in Concord, Massachusetts). The Brahmins/Fireside Poets were Longfellow, Lowell, Whittier, and Holmes, Harvard professors who promoted a second attempt at creating a literature which, though based on European models, is distinctly American in character. The Transcendentalists, led by Emerson, were philosophers, social reformers, and writers. The Southerner Poe as well as the Anti-Transcendentalists, Hawthorne and Melville (more Massachusetts residents) are also frequently associated with this movement. Paul Reveres Ride by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Old Ironsides by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walden or Life in the Woods by Henry David Thoreau and Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne are a few works. Transcendentalism 19th Century: American Transcendentalism was created by Emerson who borrowed his ideas from German Transcendentalism and Indian religion to develop a new philosophy. Transcendentalists believe that the basic truths of the universe transcend the physical world and lie beyond the knowledge that can be obtained from the senses. They feel that every individual has the ability to experience God firsthand in his/her intuition. They value nature and believe in the spiritual unity of all life, stating God, humanity, and nature share a universal soul. They feel that nothing in nature is trivial or insignificant; all is symbolic and important. They also promoted the belief that every human being is born inherently good. Self Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Walden by Henry David Thoreau and Woman in the Nineteenth Century by Margaret Fuller are prominent works. Anti-Transcendentalism 19th Century: Anti-Transcendentalism (like Transcendentalism) is a subsection of Romanticism. Hawthorne and Melville were far less optimistic than Emerson and his fellow philosophers. The Anti-Transcendentalists believed good and evil coexist in the world and that intuition could lead a person to evil just as easily as it could lead to good. The Scarlett Letter, The Birthmark, The Minsters Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne and Moby Dick by Herman Melville are few examples. Local Color and Regionalism Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century: Local color writers identify with a particular place or region of the country. They emphasized distinctive and colorful regional traits (speech patterns and dialects, local customs and folkways, character types, etc.). These writers promoted the objective observation of social facts as well as the sentimental treatment of human emotion and motivation.The White Heron by Sarah Orne Jewett and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain are the major works. Realism Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century: Realism, unlike Romanticism, places less emphasis on the imagination and more on observed fact. These writers viewed the world and human behavior scientifically, mirroring realities without softening or idealizing them. This movement is often considered a rebellion against Romanticism. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and My Antonia by Willa Cather show realism. Naturalism Late 19th Century to Early 20th Century: Naturalism was a significant offshoot of Realism. Many American authors were influenced by this movement. Naturalism demands that writers penetrate the surface of life and human character. It focuses on inherited traits and environmental conditions (nature and nurture). Naturalism usually explores the negative aspects of society. These authors did not judge their characters morality, but rather viewed them through a social Darwinist lens. Naturalists believed that chance exists but free will is rarely possible. The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane and Of Mice and Men and The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck are few examples of this era. Modernism First half of the 20th Century: Modernism is a self-conscious break from traditional literary forms and subject matter and a search for a distinctly contemporary mode of expression. It was heavily influenced by the horrors and disillusionment of World War One. These writers are also referred to as The Lost Generation. Their writing reflects isolation, alienation, and fragmentation. It places emphasis on individual perception, sensibility, and human consciousness. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber by Ernest Hemingway and The Crucible by Arthur Miller are the exemplary works. Imagism Early 20th Century: Imagism is a subsection of Modernism that attempted to free poetry from stale conventions and florid language. It emphasized direct concentration on the precise image, the use of precise words and the language of common speech, new rhythms and the use of free verse, as well as complete freedom in the choice of subject.This is Just to Say and The Red Wheelbarrow by William Carlos Williams,The Garden by Ezra Pound and Heat by H. D. (Hilda Doolittle) are the best examples of imagism. Harlem Renaissance Primarily the 1920s: The Harlem Renaissance, also called the New Negro Movement, is a period of outstanding creativity among African American writers. Many of these works were sophisticated explorations of black life and culture that revealed and stimulated a new confidence and racial pride. The following are a few works of literature. The Invisible Man Ralph Ellison Lift Every voice and Sing James Weldon Johnson Their Eyes Were Watching God Zora Neale Jurston Harlem: A Dream Deferred Langston Hughes Southern Renaissance 1930s and 40s: The Southern Renaissance is heavily influenced by traditional Southern humor (stories, sketches, tall tales, and folklore) as well as by the Local Color movement. This time period marked a sudden explosion of excellent Southern writers who emphasized regional speech patterns and dialects, local customs and folkways, as well as character types. The following are a few works of literature. A Worn Path Eudora Welty The Sound and the Fury William Faulkner All the Kings Men Robert Penn Warren Beat Movement The 1950s: Centered in the bohemian or beatnik urban artists communities, the Beat movement defines itself in its alienation from the conventional and its adaptation of the seedy and hip, embracing jazz music, drugs, sex, and Buddhism. The following are a few works of literature. Howl Allen Ginsberg On the Road Jack Kerouac Pluralism 20th century: Pluralism is a movement defined by diversity. During the 20th century American literature was no longer predominantly male, white, and Christian. Men and women of many cultures, races, religions, and ethnic groups began to be published. Many of these authors chose to use the first person point of view rather than the, previously popular, their person. Various voices shared their stories while addressing universal themes. The following are a few works of literature. The Bell Jar Silvia Plath The color Purple Alice Walker The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven Sherman Alexie Magical Realism The Second half of the 20th Century: Magical Realism was created in Latin America but it has influenced many writers of the United States as well. This movement juxtaposes the ordinary and the magical, incorporating fantastic elements into otherwise realistic fiction. The following are a few works of literature. Like Water for Chocolate Laura Esquival Beloved and Song of Soloman Toni Morrison Going After Cacciato Tim OBrien The Lovely Bones Alice Sebold Post Modernism The Second half of the 20th Century: Postmodernists believe that there is no single truth, but rather a variety of perspectives none of which is better or worse than another. This movement neither embraces nor resists the conventional. It accepts everything equally. Postmodern works are often eclectic, and anachronistic. Postmodernists make no distinction between high art and popular culture, can blur the boundary between fiction and nonfiction, and often sample other artists work freelyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(very freely). The following are a few works of literature. The Simpsons Matt Groening Fear and Loathing In Las Vegas Hunter S. Thompson Snow Falling on Cedar David Guterson Breakfast of Champions Kurt Vounnegut Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf Edward Albee The Secret Life of Bees Sue Munk Kidd

Television Programs: How They Affect Society :: essays research papers

Television Programs: How It Affects Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was an accident,† proclaimed Janet Jackson after her Super Bowl fiasco, â€Å"a wardrobe malfunction.† It didn’t appear to be one to the millions of people who witnessed the exposing of one of Jackson’s breasts. Many were shocked and outraged, but this type of thing isn’t new for the infamous â€Å"boob tube†. In 1977, the miniseries â€Å"Roots†, was the first TV show to air bare breasts (Clark 1070). Even still, television programs have come a long way since that and the time of their creation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Invented in 1923, television programs started off with airing sporting events, news hours, and cookie cutter programs (â€Å"History of TV† History). These programs usually taught morals and lessons at their closings and gave a false sense of reality. Today, you can see just about anything on TV, from someone being gunned down to wild and risk-free sex between couples (Gay couples too!). Studies have been done to see if these scenes seen by society can affect us negatively, as children have been analyzed through adulthood to see if violent and sexual behavior on TV has affected them badly. The results are children starting to deal with adult issues at an early age due to the graphic nature of television programs. Society now is more aggressive and losing it’s values. With this said, television programs have clearly evolved since 1923 and affected society negatively due to it’s violent and sexual content.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since it’s start television has grown in availability and reached the living rooms of many. Television’s expansion started off slow due to the Depression and World War II. By the end of World War II, TV was certain to grow as fast as the radio had twenty years prior (Jost 1139). Television has also developed better technology as it is now shown in color with digital picturing. This started towards the late 1930's, when new technology was being used to show baseball games and special events (Jost 1138).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the rise in technology companies have come up with a new system, interactive television. â€Å"With digital interactivity, consumers are in total control of the programming they bring into their homes,† declared Time Warner Chairman Gerald Levin on interactive television (qtd. in Jost 1131). I have witnessed firsthand, interactive TV as my cable company, Comcast, offers something similar called On Demand TV. With it I can choose movies or shows I want to watch.

A Biographical Approach to the Poem The Whipping by Robert Hayden Essay

Robert Hayden is one of the best-known American poets of his time. However, he is also one of the most underrated poets of all time, arguably not as much accolades as other poets of the same era. His poems exude admirable sincerity and tremendous grasp of poetic devices. His beautiful poem â€Å"The Whipping† is regarded as one of his finest work. A biographical approach to the poem would reveal to us that Hayden transforms his bitter memories to a sumptuous work of art. The poem is basically about a woman whipping a boy, for some reason that is not explicitly stated in the poem. The second line â€Å"is whipping the boy again† tells us that violent act is being carried on regularly. The reader immediately would assume that the woman is the mother of the boy, regardless if the woman is the boy’s biological or foster parent. The picture that Hayden had painted is vividly painful. The lines â€Å"she strikes and strikes the shrilly circling / boy till the stick breaks† suggests the level of anger of the woman and the fear and pain of the boy. The woman stopped whipping the boy only when the stick was already broken. Halfway through the poem, the author shifts from third to first person â€Å"words could bring the face that I / no longer knew or loved†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Those first person lines suggest to the readers that the speaking persona could have undergone the same kind of treatment. The line â€Å"well, it is over now, it is over† is a potent hint that the narrator is recalling his past. He is able to forgive the one that whipped him. However, he is unable to shake off the memories of being whipped as a boy. A peek to Hayden’s biography is likely to lead us to clues that had led him to conceive this poem. Hayden was born and grew up in a Detroit ghetto which the people there called Paradise Valley. During that time, violence, in the form of corporal punishment, was not uncommon. Hayden also had an irregular family life as a child. His biological parents were separated even before his birth. A couple who also exhibited a volatile relationship took him in. As a child, Hayden had witnessed domestic violence from both his biological and foster parents (Greasely 251-252). Hayden had shown us admirable honesty through his poem â€Å"The Whipping. Corporal punishment is not much talked about by adults, probably because they are now currently the ones guilty of whipping their children. Hayden had shared his memories to us to convey a message that would be vital for any community. He is suggesting to us that corporal punishment is more likely to generate childhood trauma than discipline. Moreover, he is also arguing that violence to a child is injustice. Parents blaming their child for their â€Å"lifelong hidings† are the primary reason why this vicious cycle of violence is still ongoing.

The Essense of Nursing According to Imogene M. King

What is the essence of nursing? This is the question that Imogene M. King posed when she created a conceptual frame of reference for nursing. â€Å"King’s conceptual system included twelve concepts that were identified from her analysis of nursing literature – self, body image, role perception, communication, interaction, transaction, growth and development, power authority, organization, and decision making† (King, 1981). The concepts of self, perception, communication, interaction, transaction, role and decision making were selected to represent how individuals and groups in the health care system interact to achieve goals. This transaction model developed to represent the process whereby individuals interact to set goals that result in goal attainment† (King, 1981). The theory of goal attainment, developed by Imogene M. King, is based on the â€Å"assumption that human beings are the focus of nursing†¦. the goal of nursing is health: its promotion, maintenance, and/or restoration; the care of the sick or injured; and the care of the dying† (Khowaga, 2006). King's model consists of three interacting systems: personal, interpersonal, and social. The three interacting relationships involve the individual, nurse-client interaction and nursing. Nurse-client interactions are thought to be individual perceptions which influence the process of goal attainment. Nursing’s goal is to assist the individual and the communities achieve, preserve, and reclaim health. The theory emphasizes the importance of knowledge and information that the nurse and the client both bring to the relationship, working together to achieve goals. Imogene M. King’s conceptual framework is best described as a holistic view of the complexity in nursing and multiple health care systems. King stated, â€Å"This framework differs from other conceptual schema in that it is concerned not with fragmenting human beings and the environment but with human transactions in different types of environments† (King, 1995). The theory of goal attainment is in practice each time the nurse and patient interact throughout the course of treatment. King’s conceptual system has three systems that interact with each other. The first one being â€Å"The Personal Systems†, which is composed of the perception of self, growth and development, body image, space and time. The concepts within the personal system and fundamental in understanding human beings are perception, self, body image, growth and development, time, and space (King, 1981). King viewed perception as the most important variable because perception influences behavior. King stated that, individuals grow and develop through the life span; experiences with changes in structure and function of their bodies over time influence their perceptions of self. The second system is the â€Å"Interpersonal Systems†, which involves the interaction of a person, communication skills, role and stress. Interpersonal systems involve individuals interacting with one another. King refers to two individuals interacting as dyads, three individuals as triads, and four or more individuals as small or large groups (King, 1981). The concepts associated with interpersonal systems are interaction, transaction, communication, role and stress. The interactions and transactions that occur between the nurse and the client, or the dyad, represent an example of an interpersonal system. Communication between the nurse and the client can be classified as verbal or nonverbal. The third one is â€Å"The Social Systems†. This engages the process where a person is able to make decisions. The status of an individual is measured as well as authority. Social systems provide a framework for social interaction and relationships, and establish rules of behavior and courses of action (King, 1981). Examples of social systems include the family, the school, and the church. It is within these organizations that individual's beliefs, attitudes, values and customs are formed. The concepts that King identified as relating to social systems are organization, authority, power, status, and decision-making. These three systems interact with each other to make one mega system. This one system views the client as he/she relates to the environment. As a professional nurse, an assessment is needed of the client involved. It is necessary to have an initial baseline of how the client see himself/herself in relation to whatever the problem is. The nurse must make sure that the client(s) is ready to participate in his or her own health regime. Any concerns or misconceptions must be addressed. The nurse-client relationship must therapeutic. High levels of stress impede the client from having proper decisions technique. This theory of goal attainment can measure the outcomes of any client’s care. At the same it would also measure the nursing interventions implemented. King’s goal attainment brings two strangers to get the nurse whose offering the client help, and the client whose needs the help together for the purpose of reaching health. This theory can be used at any patient interview. Once the medical problem is presented a nurse can assess the client’s perception. Any fears or stressors can be addressed. The goal attainment theory develops good communication skills.

Innovative Techniques in the Sound and the Fury Essay Example

Innovative Techniques in the Sound and the Fury Essay Example Innovative Techniques in the Sound and the Fury Essay Innovative Techniques in the Sound and the Fury Essay Essay Topic: The Sound and the Fury In The Sound and the Fury The Sound and the Fury has been seen as an example par excellence of modernist American fiction (Cohen). Its publication represented a watershed in American literature as it introduced several modernist techniques among which: the destruction of chronological order, the division of the perspectives, the increased number of narrators, the free association technique, the stream of consciousness. I have selected three fragments from the first three sections of the novel in order to highlight some of these new literary devices. Each fragment represents the responding narrator point of view about the event that marked the beginning of the decline of the Compton family-cicadas flagrantly loss. The first fragment comes from the section April 7th, 1928 where gradually we find out about the Compton tragedy. The narrator- Benny a youngest son of the family, also a thirty-three year man afflicted by Idiocy-has no concept of time or morality. Thus in his narration the present and the past fuse in indiscernible ways making the comprehension of the plot difficult to follow. Beings memories are blending with the present happenings or amalgamate with each other. The events re narrated in the present tense which renders whatever claim of chronology futile. He says that he could hear the fire and the roof and then he could could hear Caddy walking fast (Faulkner) in this way the clear shift from one memory to another is obscure. This is another innovative technique Faulkner used creating an apparent continuity on the surface of the narration by repenting certain phrases from one scene to another, a sort of harmony in chaos. Beside the fragmentation of the traditional linear time, the author resort to another modernist device In order to capture the readers attention: he doesnt fully epics the events, he only alludes at them, we are only witnessing the characters reaction to them. For example, Benny, despite his idiocy, can sense that something bad has happened as soon as Caddy comes home, walking fast: We could hear Caddy walking fast. Father and Mother looked at the door. Caddy passed it, walking fast. She didnt look. She walked fast. (Faulkner) However we cannot tell what that thing is, we are left to imagine it, to conjecture it. We are only seeing Pennys and Cicadas reaction to it: Her eyes flew at me, and away. I began to cry. It went loud and I got up. Caddy came in and stood with her back to the wall, looking at me. Went toward her, crying, and she shrank against the wall and I saw her yes and I cried louder and pulled at her dress. She put her hands out but I pulled at her dress. Her eyes ran. W e were in the hall. Caddy was still looking at me. Her hand was against her mount Ana I saw near eyes Ana I cereal. Faulkner) I en event AT cays loss AT flagrantly is never narrated, this omission only adding to the increased ambiguity of the novel. Despite the fact that it is not conspicuously delineated all major characters relate o it some way or another, for it has a crucial role in the development of the plot. It also appears in the second section of the novel June 2nd, 1910 narrated by Question the eldest brother. He goes to Harvard to complete his education but being deeply marked by the promiscuity and consequent fall of his sister, commit suicide. In this section we get a glimpse of the story from his perspective. Even though the present- day of this section is almost eighteen years prior to the present-day of Pennys section, it nevertheless follows roughly the chronological development of the novel, for while any of Beings recollections are of their early childhood, most of Questions flashbacks record their adolescence, particularly Caddy dawning sexuality and its consequences on the family name and honor. Contrary to Benny, Question is aware of time and can differentiate between present and past, between memories and present events. However he too, seems obsessed with the past and frequently lasses into reminiscing anterior events. The flashbacks hurl Question in complicated abstract thinking about honor, motivation, sin, guilt, to conceptualize ideals. Faulkner uses the stream of consciousness technique in order o depict Question point of view, thoughts, or sensory feelings. The associative processes, the leaps in syntax, the omission of punctuation- all modernist literary devices- turn Questions narration into a true challenge for the reader,as the coherence and cohesion of the text are discarded. For example in a single block of text a past conversation with Caddy is intertwined with the recollection of the circumstances of her loss of virginity and with the outer events of present time: Sold the pasture His white shirt was motionless in the fork, in the flickering shade. The wheels were spidery. Beneath the sag of the buggy the hooves neatly rapid like the motions off lady doing embroidery, diminishing without progress like a figure on a treadmill being drawn rapidly offstage. Sold the pasture Father will be dead in a year they say if he doesnt stop drinking and he wont stop he can stop since I since last summer and then theyll send Benny to Jackson I can cry I can even cry one minute she was standing in the door the next minute he was pulling at her dress and bellowing his voice hammered back and forth between the walls in waves and she shrinking against the wall getting smaller and mailer[ ] (Faulkner). Question still feels pride in his familys noble and glorious past but also recognizes that today that past is crumbling away. Confronted with his father cynicism and nihilism who advice him not to take so serious Caddy pregnancy, and who also implies that his horror is due only to his own virginity, a useless concept invented by men; and with Caddy sexual promiscuity- a blatant violation of the ideal of femininity found in his Southern code of honor- he escapes time in the only way he can that is by drowning himself. In his perspective, death is the only way o redeem the sin which his sister had committed, but as he cannot carry out the suicidal pact with Caddy, he does it all by himself. In the end he is an idealist, cast in an decrepit and crumbling world, willing to die for his ideas. I en Tanta part AT ten KICK April ton BIBB Is narrated Dye Jason ten toner Trotter AT the Compton family. Unlike his brothers, Jason is much more focused on the present, offering fewer flashbacks and less abstract thoughts. The section has the closest form of a traditional novel, as the story is narrated in a more or less chronological order ND the characters ideas and thoughts are far less complicated than those in the first two section of the novel. This is only Faulkner way to allude at his characters psychology: if Question is concerned with highbrow ideals and concepts, Jason is more pragmatic and down-to-earth. His narrative doesnt include endless remembrance of the past. He takes into consideration previous circumstances only if they have an effect on present time. Still he is unable to escape his family legacy, as he is the only sane male member of the Compton family, he has to take the paper of the head of the family. From this position he tyrannically compensate for the suffering of his childhood by persecution of his young niece, Caddies daughter, Question, by petty thievery, by deception practiced against his weak mother (Scott), by meanest torment toward his negro employees. In a bitter tone and devious way he recollects the past which shaped his present: the sale of the pasture in order to pay for Question tuition at Harvard who killed himself, the loss of the Job as a bankers at Herbert bank, Cicadas husband who retracted the offer when he found out about Cicadas promiscuity: Well, Jason likes work. I says no I never had university advantages because at Harvard they teach you how to go for a swim at night without knowing how to swim Then when she sent Question home for me to feed too I says I guess thats right too, instead of me having to go way up north for a Job they sent the Job down here to (Faulkner) From this section we can see that Jason holds Caddy responsible for the family and his own downfall. In his opinion her first mistake was the thing which triggered the whole series of tragedies that befallen them and that eventually led to the disastrous end of the Compton lineage. Even though the three different perspective stand apart they are only three distinct lights shed on one and the same event, three different focal points. Pennys perspective can be considerate as objective as he does not give any interpretation or Judgment upon the things unfolding before his eyes. On the contrary Questions and Seasons perspectives are Judgmental, subjective. So which of them is the right one? We could ask. The answer is none and all. But this is exactly what the author is trying to do : to show a multi-faceted truth. To exemplify the modernist criterion which asserted the death of one absolute truth.

Richard Nixons Rocky Road to Presidency essays

Richard Nixon's Rocky Road to Presidency essays Richard Milhous Nixon, America's thirty-seventh president, was the second of five sons of Frances Anthony and Hannah Milhous Nixon. He was born in 1913 in Yorba Linda, California ("Richard Milhous Nixon"). The name, Nixon, means "he wins" or "he faileth not" (Ambrose 12). Hannah was a member of the Society of Friends, better known as Quakers. Nixon's father was a Methodist but converted to Quakerism and became deeply committed when he was married (Ambrose 18). Frank taught Sunday school and at the age of five Nixon attended regularly, at the age of six or seven he participated in discussions and expressed his opinions (Hoyt 28). He was not a boy who enjoyed pranks but was very mature even when he was five or six years old and interested in things way beyond the usual grasp of a boy his age (Mazo 19). Nixon was hard-working and labeled a "helper" at home, but because he particularly hated washing dishes, he would pull down the window shade in the kitchen in case some outsider saw h im doing "women's work" (Mazo and Hess 37). Nixon would love to sit and read to his mother and just be around her. His father frightened him, but he never doubted his love and protection (Hoyt 30). Religion, family, and school were the center of Nixon's life. He attended a church where he learned tolerance, and not to show emotions or express his feelings physically (Mazo 18). Throughout his adult life, he would bottle up his emotions and sometimes even appear cold to his wife Patricia Ryan whom he married in 1940 ("Richard Milhous Nixon"). Some would say Nixon's "public indifference toward Pat bordered on cruelty [and he] almost brutally ignored her as she trotted along behind him" (Ambrose 585). The inability to trust anyone became one of Nixon's principal personality traits and later on he would comment on it in his speeches: "in my job [he was then Vice President] you can't enjoy the luxury of intimate personal relationships. You can't confide absolute...

War between the Confederation and the Union Movie Review

War between the Confederation and the Union - Movie Review Example The documentary also tries to build a personal account of the life of Robert E. Lee, the main hero and center point of the documentary by detailing his personal life, emotions, travails, and changes that the country faced during the war. The documentary starts with the personal life of Robert E. Lee and shows his upbringing in the initial period. It showcases the different events that shaped his early life and perception, his devotion to becoming a soldier, his pursuit of excellence and striving to be the best. It documents the early life and the Mexican war that established him as a dashing soldier. It also takes us through the period of secession and his refusal to take up the leadership of the Union forces during it. He served as a senior military advisor to President Jefferson Davis. It shows the seven-day wars, the wars of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. Overall, this documentary tries to paint a picture of the war from the perspective of Robert E. Lee. The letters from him to his children were also documented. The Overland campaign of General Grant is also mentioned, along with the change in fortunes of the Confederate military. This led to an overall change in the position of the army in the Confederate states. It also led to the surrender of the Confederate army. This war of secession is a recurrent theme in the documentary. In fact, this theme is used to develop the storyline of the documentary. It also shows the genesis of the main character, Robert E. Lee over this period. This is one of the fundamental aspects of this character. He undergoes a lot of transitions, from being the main military advisor to becoming the main man behind the rebellion. The documentary in many ways also tried to reflect the realities of the America of the 1900s, from the themes of slavery to the lifestyle in America. It bears testimony to the theme of slavery, and the other aspects of American life that became a part of its evolution into the current day Unites States. SCO PE OF THE DOCUMENTARY The documentary follows a pattern wherein it juxtaposes the war of Confederate and the Union States with the life of Robert E. Lee. It follows all the events in the life of Lee, starting from the early years to the growth in the army and the overall genesis into an astute general. In many ways, there are certain themes that are recurrent in the documentary. These are the themes of slavery, the themes of the political situation of the country and the other associated factors. The documentary maintains a narrative wherein a lot of importance has been put on the costumes. The costumes are very authentic and depict to the life and times in the 1900s. There is a lot of inherent color and hue in the dressing of the main characters.